中国古代文化与日本中世文学中的“幽玄”

发布时间：2018-06-18 15:14

本文选题：幽玄 + 文心雕龙　；参考：《湘潭大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：“幽玄”作为日本中世时期的文学概念自有其发展始末，而直接影响来源于中国古代文论以及佛教经典。“幽”与“玄”本是分开使用的两个独立词，因意义有相通之处而结合为一个同义复词。魏晋时期佛经翻译盛行，这个词也被译经者们用于表意佛教中的般若境界。随着佛教东渐日本，以及后来宋明理学的输出，幽玄带着神秘的面纱在日本原始神道的感染下改头换面，成为了日本最重要的美学理念之一，引起了日本文学史上的一大革命，这离不开中国古代诗学的作用。在中国古代，文史哲始终以其相融相合的形态体现在文人的各类作品中，包括许多诗歌评论家同时也是精通三教的博学者，如魏晋南北朝时期的文学理论家刘勰。刘勰写作《文心雕龙》前曾夜梦与孔子南行，，醒来后兴奋不已而著书。书中多次引用《庄子》典故，用“神”、“气”等喻行文，又体现了他对道家的认同。与其他文人不同，刘勰作为一个佛教沙门，不仅精通佛理，更能以佛经体大虑周的特点创作出同样完备无缺的文学论著，这是前无古人后无来者的。因此，以《文心雕龙》作为中国古代文论的代表展开对幽玄的讨论则是一个方便之门，既可追源逐本，查找出其哲学来源，又可引申开来，说明对文学的影响。幽玄在日本有着独特的发展过程，虽受到中国诗学和佛教的影响，却又在不断丰富着自身的含义，特别是在文学领域，经历了“心姿”、“有心论”、“空寂”、“闲寂”等概念的转换，不论是在单独意义上还是在综合意义上都得到了发展。不论处于日本历史上的哪一个时期，“幽玄”的使用频率都是较高的，并没有因为其他相关概念的发展而被取代，可见这个词具有的独特魅力。在中国，“幽玄”一词不仅在道教或佛教的经典中常见，在史书和文论中也有所涉及，然而关于幽玄的研究专著却为数不多，多数为单篇论文，仅从某一个角度进行研究，这确实是一个比较遗憾的事情。本文限于篇幅和文史资料的不足，在研究幽玄起源和发展问题上也显得捉襟见肘，错谬之处在所难免。希望借此机会引起国内研究者对这一问题加强关注，抛砖引玉，以期博学之士为之。
[Abstract]:As a literary concept of Japanese Middle Age, "Youxuan" has its own development, and its direct influence comes from ancient Chinese literary theory and Buddhist classics. "you" and "Xuan" are two independent words which are used separately. During the Wei and Jin dynasties, the translation of Buddhist scriptures prevailed, and the term was also used by translators to express the Prajna realm of Buddhism. With the eastward spread of Buddhism to Japan, and later the export of Song Ming Neo-Confucianism, Youxuan, with a mysterious veil, was transformed into one of Japan's most important aesthetic concepts under the infection of the Japanese primitive Shinto, and caused a revolution in the history of Japanese literature. This is inseparable from the role of ancient Chinese poetics. In ancient China, literary and historical philosophy has always been reflected in the various works of the literati, including many poetry critics and scholars who are proficient in the three religions, such as Liu Xie, a literary theorist in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties. Liu Xie wrote Wen Xin Diao long. The allusions of Zhuangzi are quoted many times in the book, which reflects his approval of Taoism by using "God" and "Qi". Different from other scholars, Liu Xie, as a Buddhist Shamen, not only proficient in Buddhism, but also can create the same complete and complete literary works with the characteristics of Buddhist sutras. Therefore, taking Wen Xin Diao long as the representative of ancient Chinese literary theory, it is a convenient way to discuss the seclusion. It can not only trace the source, find out the source of philosophy, but also extend it to explain the influence on literature. Youxuan has a unique process of development in Japan. Although influenced by Chinese poetics and Buddhism, it is constantly enriching its own meaning, especially in the field of literature, which has experienced "heart posture", "mind theory" and "emptiness". The transformation of the concept of "idle silence" has been developed both in a single sense and in a comprehensive sense. No matter at any time in Japanese history, the use of "Youxuan" is relatively high, and has not been replaced by the development of other related concepts, which shows the unique charm of the word. In China, the word "seclusion" is common not only in Taoist or Buddhist scriptures, but also in historical books and literary theories. However, there are few monographs on Youxuan, most of which are single papers, which are studied only from a certain angle. This is a rather regrettable thing indeed. This paper is limited to the shortage of space and literature and history materials, and is also overstretched in the study of the origin and development of metaphysics, and errors are unavoidable. Hope to take this opportunity to arouse domestic researchers to pay more attention to this issue, with a view to the erudite.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：I313.06;G122

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