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从《罪与罚》看陀思妥耶夫斯基的超人皈依

发布时间:2018-06-21 23:15

  本文选题:陀思妥耶夫斯基 + 《罪与罚》 ; 参考:《吉林大学》2013年硕士论文


【摘要】:费奥多尔·米哈伊洛维奇·陀思妥耶夫斯基(以下简称陀氏)是俄国最伟大的作家之一,他以其独特的心理描写而闻名于世,开创了心理小说的先河。陀氏善于洞悉隐藏在人的内心深处的最微妙的变化,善于发现那些被人隐藏得很好的不为人知的心理。陀氏就是拥有着这样的一双眼睛,轻而易举地发现人世间的丑陋和罪恶,并且又真实地重现这样的丑陋和罪恶。正因如此,相对于文学家这个称呼,人们更喜欢称他为心理学家。 《罪与罚》是陀氏最具代表性的作品之一,这部作品奠定了陀氏在俄国文学乃至世界文学史中的地位。小说描写的是一个叫做拉斯科尔尼科夫的穷困大学生,他在穷困的生活境遇中逐渐产生了一种超人思想,即:他把人分成了两种:平凡人和超人,平凡人都循规蹈矩,惟命是从,他们愿意听命于人而且并不想反抗;而超人则是强者,犯法者,破坏者,他们为了实现自己美好的理想有权利逾越任何法律或是规则,甚至如果有需要他们可以踏过尸体和血泊,他们是未来的主人,他们主宰这个世界。“谁聪明,强硬,谁就是他们的统治者。谁胆大妄为,谁就被认为是对的。谁对许多事情报蔑视态度,谁就是立法者。谁比所有人更胆大妄为,谁就比所有人更正确”。为了证实自己是一个与众不同的超人,他谋杀了放高利贷的老太婆。 本文就是将陀氏的人生经历与《罪与罚》中拉斯科尔尼科夫的超人思想的产生,发展直至消失这一过程相结合,将青年陀氏与大学生拉斯科尔尼科夫进行平行研究,对比研究,阐释出陀氏的超人思想由始至终的发展历程以及陀氏在放弃超人思想以后,即西伯利亚流放后期的精神理念,这一时期的陀氏在思想上发生了巨大的变化,他在作品中所传达出的思想也趋于保守,倾向于宗教,然而陀氏内心对于人民和国家的热爱却从未改变,他倾其一生都在苦苦地思索着这样一件事,那就是如何能让俄国人民普遍地拥有幸福,如何能让俄国人民步入他的理想的天国。 对于陀氏的作品以及他本人所带给我们每一个人的思考和领悟都有可能是不同的,这是一个仁者见仁智者见智的过程,本文所揭示出的是陀氏一直所坚持的内在的真善美的思想理念,即人无论处于何种境遇,顺境或是逆境,都应该坚守着自己内心深处的一片净土,坚守着自己的信仰,自己的真,善,,美,并且以此作为自己的行为准则,道德标准,不逾越道德底线,不任意妄为,并且应该不断地审视自己的价值信仰,用完美的基督精神约束自己的价值信仰,完善自己的价值信仰,进而达到不断地自我完善的效果。 本文主要根据陀氏本人的人生经历,宗教思想以及其他学者对其的分析,研究,重点在于如何从《罪与罚》这部小说中找到陀氏蕴藏在作品之内的思想经络,提炼出他反对暴力革命,崇尚心灵净化,自我完善的思想理念,并将其合二为一;新的突破在于从新的视角阐释陀氏的思想理念和宗教信仰,打破一贯存在于人们脑海中的关于陀氏的消极理解,指出陀氏在作品中所极力宣扬的宗教信仰并非一般意义上的宗教信仰,所宣传的基督也并非就是基督教的圣主基督,他所宣扬的宗教信仰在实质上就是陀氏本人的最高道德理想,他所钟爱的基督实质上就是陀氏最高道德理想的偶像和载体。 本文分为三章: 第一章:陀思妥耶夫斯基生平与创作。本章主要概括地阐述了作家的生平,影响,文学创作以及写作特点。陀氏独特的人生经历让他的思想发生了诸多的转变,也就成就了他独树一帜的文风。 第二章《罪与罚》的创作背景及主要人物分析。本章主要结合《罪与罚》这篇小说分析其中的主要人物,拉斯科尔尼科夫和索尼娅,小说的主题即罪与罚,根据对主人公的系统分析,揭示出斯科尔尼科夫即是罪的载体,而索尼娅即是罚的发出者,她是上帝在人世间受苦受难的化身,拯救人世间受苦受难的罪人。 第三章解读陀思妥耶夫斯基的超人皈依。本章结合《罪与罚》,系统的分析陀氏的超人思想的产生,发展直至最终的消亡。笔者从自己的角度重新阐释了陀氏的基督教信仰,指出陀氏所谓的基督教,所谓的基督不过就是陀氏内心最高道德理想的载体,陀氏所真正皈依的宗教是他的最高道德理想。 本文最终所要阐述的一个结论即是:无论是《罪与罚》中拉斯科尔尼科夫的超人皈依,还是陀氏本人的超人皈依,这里的皈依所指的不是基督教的皈依,所皈依的也自然不是基督教的圣主基督,而是陀氏本人的最高精神理想——和谐的社会,理想的天国,而通往这个最高理想的路径即是个人的不断自我完善,即信仰基督,实践基督,成为基督,这里所说的基督是陀氏崇高精神理想的载体,是一个在道德上的完美偶像,而并非是基督教中的基督。虽然陀氏在字面上看似乎是在宣扬基督,而实质上基督只是陀氏理念的一个精神偶像,是一个代言人的形象,由基督教借入,取基督教精华,陀氏心中的基督不仅仅是基督教的圣主,更是道德的典范和理想,是他的梦和追求,是他所想要的未来的美好的人民和社会,是他的“理想的天国”。
[Abstract]:One of Russia ' s greatest writers , Feoldor Mihlovich Dostoevsky ( hereinafter referred to as Dostos ) , was famous for his unique psychological description , and opened the first river of the psychological novel . Dostos was adept at discovering the most subtle changes hidden in the heart of human beings . Dostos was good at discovering the ugly and evil that had been hidden in the world .

It is one of the most representative works of Dostos , which lays down the position of Dostos in Russian literature and even the history of the world literature . The novel describes a poor college student named Rakoelnikov . He has gradually developed a superman ' s mind in his poor living circumstances , that is , he divides people into two kinds : ordinary and superhuman , who are willing to listen to people and do not want to resist ;
The superman is a strong man , a lawbreaker , a spoilers , who have the right to go over any law or rule in order to achieve their own good ideals . They are the masters of the future , who dominate the world . " Who is smart , tough , who is their ruler . Who is so smart , tough , who is the legislator ? Who is more daring than everyone ? Who is more daring than everyone ? " To prove that he is a different superman , he murdered his old woman .

This article is to combine the life experiences of Dostoshi with the process of the creation , development and disappearance of the superman ' s thought in the crime and punishment , and then combine the young Dostos with the college students , Rakoelnikov , to make a comparative study . The thought also tends to be conservative and inclined to the religion . However , in his life , the people and the country ' s love has never changed .

The thought and understanding of the Buddha ' s works and his own brings us to each of us may be different , this is a kind of benevolence , a wise man ' s mind , and this paper reveals the intrinsic truth and good idea of the people , that is , whether in any situation , prosperity or adversity , people should stick to their own faith , their true , good and beautiful , and should constantly examine their own values belief , use the perfect Christ spirit to bind their own value belief , perfect their own value belief , and then achieve the continuous self - improvement effect .

Based on the author ' s experience of life , religious thought and other scholars ' analysis and research , this paper focuses on how to find the thoughts and channels hidden in the works from the novel of Punishment and Punishment , and put forward his ideas of anti - violent revolution , advocating spiritual purification and self - improvement , and combining them into one ;
The new breakthrough consists in the interpretation of the ideas and religious beliefs of Dostos from a new perspective , breaking the negative understanding of Dostos , which has always existed in the minds of people , and points out that the religious belief that Dostos has advocated in his works is not a religious belief in the general sense , and that Christ is not the Christian St . Christ . His religious belief is essentially the highest moral ideal of the Buddha himself . His beloved Christ is the idol and the carrier of the highest moral ideal of the Buddha .

This article is divided into three chapters :

Chapter One : Dostoyevsky ' s life - level and creation . This chapter mainly expounds the life - level , influence , literary creation and writing characteristics of the writer . The unique life experience of Dostoshi makes his thought happen many changes , and has achieved his unique style of style .

The second chapter analyses the author ' s background and main characters of crime and punishment . This chapter analyzes the main characters of the novel , Rakoelnikov and Sonya , the main characters of the novel . According to the systematic analysis of the hero , Sonia is the carrier of the crime , and Sonya is the sender of punishment . She is the personification of God ' s suffering in the world and saves the suffering of the world .

In the third chapter , the author interprets Dostoevsky ' s superman ' s conversion . This chapter reinterprets the Christian faith of Dostos from his own point of view , and points out that the so - called Christianity is the carrier of the highest moral ideal of the Buddha ' s heart . His true conversion of religion is his highest moral ideal .

In the end of this article , the conclusion is that whether he is a Christian or a devotee of Christianity , the most ideal path to this is the self - improvement of the people , the ideal heaven and the ideal of Christ .
【学位授予单位】:吉林大学
【学位级别】:硕士
【学位授予年份】:2013
【分类号】:I512.074

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