广州市外环境禽流感病毒污染情况及职业暴露人群血清学研究

发布时间：2018-03-06 17:48

本文选题：禽流感病毒　切入点：H7N9　出处：《广东药科大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：背景与目的自20世纪70年代以来,大量新发传染病与再发传染病不断涌现,已经成为一个严峻的公共卫生问题。流感病毒(influenza virus)是一种RNA病毒,属于正粘病毒科,也是该科的唯一一个种群。宿主范围广泛,包括人、禽类和其他哺乳动物(猪、马)等。单股负链RNA基因组易导致流感病毒发生重组和点突变,从而发生抗原漂移;节段性的基因组更让病毒能够通过重排发生抗原转换,产生新的亚型。早期研究者对人流感病毒的关注度较高,禽流感病例因发生率较低和诊断水平较低的原因,常常被忽略。自上世纪70年代以来,学界开始对禽间的流感病毒进行了监测活动。自上世纪末开始,H5N1、H7N9和H5N6等新型别的禽流感开始被发现并引起了社会的高度关注和恐慌。特别是2013年出现的H7N9亚型禽流感疫情,扩散迅速,发病率较既往其他亚型高,预后不佳,带来了更多的社会负担。本研究从禽类、环境、职业暴露人群三方面考虑作一次阶段性的横断面研究,对外环境禽流感病毒进行监测,发现其流行规律,为禽类相关职业工作场所的流感防控工作提供更加科学、可靠的依据。方法于2015年10月至2016年7月在白云区设立了4类固定监测点,进行了为期4阶段(季度)的定点监测,采集标本1783份,标本类型包括环境涂抹标本、禽类泄殖腔和咽拭子以及监测点内气溶胶标本。运用荧光定量PCR技术进行禽流感病毒核酸检测,检测内容包括甲型流感通用型探针和禽流感H5/H7/H9亚型分型探针。此外,在上述的禽类相关场所(禽类监测场所以有鸡为主),共采集禽类相关从业人员血清标本约300份,使用血凝抑制试验进行禽流感病毒H5/H7/H9抗体检测。数据统计采用SPSS 17.0和Microsoft Excel 2010软件进行统计分析,部分图表的制作使用了Microsoft Excel 2010和GraphPad Prism 5.01软件。结果在本研究四个阶段(季度)中,2015年10月、2016年1、4、7月份标本甲型流感(A)阳性率分别为22.72%,19.74%,29.65%和23.40%,4个月份阳性率差异有统计学意义(χ2=12.500,p0.01)。对上述的甲型流感核酸阳性的标本进行H5/H7/H9分型检测,发现H5/H7/H9之外的其他亚型占绝大部分(34.6%~90.6%),其次是H9亚型(6.3%~59.0%),再次是H5亚型(0.6%~15.6%),H7亚型比例最低(1.3%~4.9%)。通过血凝抑制试验对两批次共计300份禽类从业人员血清进行血清禽流感H5/H7/H9亚型抗体筛查,结果显示禽类相关从业人员中血清抗体阳性率普遍较低,H5、H7和H9亚型的阳性率分别为1.0%(3/300),0%(0/300)和5.67%(17/300)。结论1.禽流感外环境污染主要发生在流通环节,对禽类贸易的流通环节进行控制是控制外环境污染和人间病例的重点。2.外环境禽流感污染情况存在季节间差异,禽流感防控工作必须根据流行规律有的放矢。3.禽类相关从业人员中禽流感特异性抗体水平普遍较低,表明隐性感染的发生率较低。
[Abstract]:Background & objective since 1970s, a large number of new and recurrent infectious diseases have been emerging and have become a serious public health problem. Influenza virus influenza virus (RNA) belongs to the orthomyxovirus family. It is also the only population of the family. It has a wide range of hosts, including human, poultry and other mammals (pig, horse), etc. Single strand negative strand RNA genome is prone to recombination and point mutation of influenza virus, resulting in antigen drift; Segmental genomes allow viruses to produce new subtypes by rearranging antigens. Early researchers paid more attention to human influenza viruses, and avian flu cases were due to low incidence and low diagnostic levels. Often ignored. Since -30s, The academic community began to monitor the influenza virus among birds. Since the end of 0th century, new types of avian influenza, such as H5N1 N1, H7N9 and H5N6, have been discovered and aroused high social concern and panic. In particular, the outbreak of avian influenza subtype H7N9, which occurred in 2013, The disease spread rapidly, the incidence rate was higher than other subtypes, and the prognosis was not good, which brought more social burden. This study carried out a phase cross-sectional study from poultry, environment and occupational exposure population. To monitor the avian influenza virus in the external environment and find out its epidemic pattern, so as to provide a more scientific basis for the prevention and control of influenza in poultry related occupational workplaces. Methods from October 2015 to July 2016, four kinds of fixed monitoring sites were set up in Baiyun area, and 4 stages (quarterly) fixed monitoring were carried out. 1 783 specimens were collected, including environmental smear specimens. Avian cloaca and throat swabs and aerosol samples from monitoring sites. Detection of avian influenza virus nucleic acids using fluorescent quantitative PCR technique, including generic type A influenza probe and H5N1 / H _ 7 / H _ 9 subtype probe. In addition, About 300 serum samples were collected from poultry related workers in the above poultry related sites. Hemagglutination inhibition test was used to detect the H5N1 / H7 / H9 antibody of avian influenza virus. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 17.0 and Microsoft Excel 2010 software. The Microsoft Excel 2010 and GraphPad Prism 5.01 software were used to make some charts. Results in the four stages of this study, the positive rates of influenza A in the samples of October 2015 and 2016 were 22.722% and 23.40%, respectively. The significance of counting (蠂 ~ 2 ~ 2 ~ (12.500) P ~ (0.01)). The H _ 5- / H _ 7 / H _ 9 genotyping of the above type A influenza A nucleic acid positive specimens was detected. It was found that most of the other subtypes other than H _ 5 / H _ 7 / H _ 9 accounted for 34.6%, followed by H _ 9 subtype 6.33 / 59.0, and again the lowest percentage of H _ 5 / H _ 7 / H _ 7 subtype. A total of 300 batches of poultry workers' sera were screened for H5N1 / H7 / H9 subtype by hemagglutination inhibition test. The results showed that the positive rates of serum antibodies in poultry related workers were generally lower, the positive rates of H5 / H7 and H9 subtype were 1.0 / 300 / 300 and 5.6767 / 17 / 300 respectively. Conclusion 1.The environmental pollution of avian influenza mainly occurred in circulation. Controlling the circulation of poultry trade is the key point of controlling the external environmental pollution and human cases. 2. There are seasonal differences in the pollution of avian influenza in the external environment. Avian influenza prevention and control work must be targeted according to the epidemic law. 3. Avian influenza specific antibody level is generally low among poultry related workers, indicating that the incidence of recessive infection is low.
【学位授予单位】：广东药科大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：R511.7

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