云南“三块”鼠疫自然疫源地野外鼠形动物及其寄生蚤季节消长分析

发布时间：2019-06-12 01:56

【摘要】：目的明确云南“三块”鼠疫自然疫源地野外鼠形动物及其寄生蚤的分布和构成以及季节消长规律,探讨“三块”鼠疫自然疫源地性质、结构及其特征,为有效预防和控制鼠疫的发生和流行提供针对性的综合防控措施。方法1.研究对象:以梁河县家鼠鼠疫疫源地、剑川县野鼠鼠疫疫源地和玉龙县野鼠鼠疫疫源地为调查区域,根据疫源地生态地理景观条件在梁河县疫源地和玉龙县疫源地分别选取4个海拔梯度段,剑川县疫源地选取3个海拔梯度段,每个海拔梯度段选择2~3个研究样点作为调查对象。2.鼠形动物取样:每个研究样点采用布夹法进行野外捕鼠,春夏秋冬各一次,共计四次,选择时间为3月、7月、10月和12月。使用花生作为诱饵。每个样点布放不少于200个鼠夹,晨起收集捕获的鼠形动物,带回实验室进行分类、鉴定及计数。3.鼠形动物寄生蚤取样:捕获的鼠形动物带回实验室后用乙醚麻醉,置于白色方盘内用梳检法采集其体表寄生蚤,置于75%乙醇的微量离心管内室温保存,在显微镜下进行分类、鉴定和计数。4.资料整理与分析:采用Excel 2010对资料进行整理,计算捕获密度、染蚤率、蚤指数等;使用Spearman相关系数(r)探索鼠密度与寄生蚤的关系;卡方(χ2)检验用于比较捕获密度和染蚤率的差异;Fisher确切概率法用于比较鼠形动物鼠种和寄生蚤蚤种的构成情况。结果1.梁河县鼠疫疫源地调查区域内,共捕获鼠形动物663只,隶属于3目5科11属16种,捕获密度为7.97%;寄生蚤94匹,隶属于4科5亚科8属9种,染蚤率为8.30%,总蚤指数为0.14。其中黄胸鼠、斯氏家鼠和锡金小鼠为优势鼠种,构成比分别为30.62%、18.40%和11.46%;近端远棒蚤二刺亚种、偏远古蚤和长形病蚤指名亚种为优势蚤种,构成比分别为39.36%、28.72%和13.83%。鼠形动物捕获数量和捕获密度以秋季最高(219只,10.30%),夏季最低;寄生蚤获蚤匹数、染蚤率和蚤指数以春季最高(33匹,17.69%,0.25),夏季最低。鼠形动物群落多样性和均匀性指数随季节变化呈下降趋势,生态优势度呈上升趋势;寄生蚤群落多样性和丰富度指数随季节呈不典型变化趋势,均匀性指数呈单峰分布。2.剑川县鼠疫疫源地调查区域内,共捕获鼠形动物1069只,隶属于3目5科11属17种,捕获密度为21.29%;寄生蚤618匹,隶属于3科5亚科6属9种,染蚤率为27.60%,总蚤指数为0.58。其中齐氏姬鼠、大绒鼠和中华姬鼠为优势鼠种,构成比分别为45.74%、33.12%和11.60%;方叶栉眼蚤和特新蚤指名亚种为优势蚤种,构成比分别为46.93%和28.48%。鼠形动物捕获数量和捕获密度以秋季最高(283只,23.86%),夏季最低;寄生蚤获蚤匹数、染蚤率和蚤指数以春季最高(260匹,45.14%,1.01),秋季最低。鼠形动物群落多样性和丰富度指数随季节变化呈单峰分布,均匀性指数和生态优势度指数随季节呈不典型变化趋势;寄生蚤群落多样性和丰富度指数随季节变化呈“V”型分布,均匀性指数随季节变化呈上升趋势,生态优势度呈下降趋势。3.玉龙县鼠疫疫源地调查区域内,共捕获鼠形动物884只,隶属于3目6科12属19种,捕获密度为17.98%;寄生蚤484匹,隶属于3科6亚科7属9种,染蚤率为24.77%,总蚤指数为0.55。其中齐氏姬鼠、中华姬鼠、大绒鼠和大耳姬鼠为优势鼠种,构成比分别为34.95%、17.99%、16.06%和11.76%;特新蚤指名亚种、方叶栉眼蚤、无值大锥蚤和云南栉眼蚤为优势蚤种,构成比分别为34.09%、25.41%、14.46%和12.19%。鼠形动物捕获数量和捕获密度以秋季最高(309只,23.37%),春季最低;寄生蚤获蚤匹数、染蚤率和蚤指数以冬季最高(198匹,35.75%,1.03),秋季最低。鼠形动物群落多样性和均匀性指数随季节变化呈“V”型分布,生态优势度指数呈单峰分布;寄生蚤群落多样性和均匀性指数随季节变化呈上升趋势,生态优势度指数呈下降趋势,丰富度指数呈单峰分布。4.在梁河县鼠疫疫源地调查的四个季节中,鼠密度和寄生蚤无显著相关关系(r=0.40,P=0.600);剑川县鼠疫疫源地鼠密度和寄生蚤无显著相关关系(r=-0.40,P=0.600);玉龙县鼠疫疫源地鼠密度和寄生蚤无显著相关关系(r=-0.80,P=0.200)。“三块”鼠疫自然疫源地鼠形动物捕获密度有差异(χ2=525.95,P=0.000);鼠形动物染蚤率有差异(χ2=96.73,P=0.000)。剑川县与玉龙县鼠疫疫源地鼠形动物鼠种及其寄生蚤蚤种构成均不一致(P=0.0005)。结论1.梁河县鼠疫疫源地野外鼠形动物优势种为黄胸鼠,寄生蚤优势种为近端远棒蚤二刺亚种,均于冬季分布优势明显。2.剑川县鼠疫疫源地野外鼠形动物优势种为齐氏姬鼠,于秋季分布优势明显;寄生蚤优势种为方叶栉眼蚤,于春季分布优势明显。3.玉龙县鼠疫疫源地野外鼠形动物优势种为齐氏姬鼠,寄生蚤优势种为特新蚤指名亚种,均于夏季分布优势明显。4.鼠形动物及其寄生蚤群落多样性、均匀性指数季节分布特征有集中趋势,与疫源地鼠疫暴发流行的时间性密切关系,可考虑以其为鼠疫暴发流行的一个监测预警指标。5.综合对比分析鼠形动物及其寄生蚤分布和构成以及季节消长规律,玉龙县鼠疫疫源地与剑川县鼠疫疫源地极为相似。
[Abstract]:Objective To study the distribution and composition of the wild mouse-shaped animal and its parasitic fleas in three "plague natural foci" in Yunnan, and to explore the nature, structure and characteristics of three "plague natural foci". And provides a targeted comprehensive prevention and control measure for the effective prevention and control of the occurrence and the epidemic of the plague. Method 1. The results of the study were as follows: The plague foci of Yersinia pestis in Lianghe County, Yersinia pestis in Jianchuan County and the plague foci of the wild rats in Yulong County were the survey area, and four altitude gradient sections were selected in the epidemic area of Lianghe County and the epidemic area of Yulong County, respectively, according to the ecological and geographical landscape conditions of the source area. 3 altitude gradient sections are selected in the epidemic area of Jianchuan County, and 2-3 study samples are selected as the survey target for each altitude gradient section. Mouse-shaped animal sampling: each study sample uses the cloth-clamping method to carry out wild-type mouse-catching, spring and summer and winter each time, for a total of four times, and the selection time is March, July, October and December. A peanut is used as a bait. At each spot, no less than 200 mouse clamps were placed, and the captured mouse-shaped animals were collected in the morning, and the samples were taken back to the laboratory for classification, identification and counting. Sampling of the parasitic fleas of the rat-shaped animal: the captured rat-shaped animal was taken back to the laboratory and then was anesthetized with ether, and then placed in a white square disc, and collected by means of a comb-inspection method, and was stored at room temperature in a microcentrifuge tube of 75% ethanol, and was classified, identified and counted under a microscope. The relationship between the density of the rat and the parasitic fleas was calculated by using the Spearman correlation coefficient (r), and the chi-square (2) test was used to compare the difference of the capture density and the dyeing rate. Fisher's exact probability method is used to compare the composition of the species of the rat and the parasitic fleas. Results 1. In the investigation area of the plague foci in Lianghe County,663 animal-shaped animals were captured, belonging to 16 species of 3-order 5 families, the capture density was 7.97%, and 94 of the parasitic fleas, belonging to 8 genera of 4 families,8 genera and 9 species, the dye uptake rate was 8.30%, and the total flea index was 0.14. Among them, the ratio of the two species was 30.62%, 18.40% and 11.46%, respectively, and the composition ratio was 39.36%, 28.72% and 13.83%, respectively. The number and the capture density of the rat-shaped animal were the highest in the autumn (219, 10.30%) and the lowest in summer; the number of the flea in the parasitic fleas, the dyeing rate and the flea index were the highest in the spring (33, 17.69%, 0.25), and the lowest in summer. The diversity and evenness index of the rat-shaped animal community decreased with the change of the season, and the ecological dominance was on the rise. The diversity and richness index of the parasitic fleas varied with the season, and the uniformity index showed a unimodal distribution. There were 1069 mouse-shaped animals in the area of the plague foci in Jianchuan County, belonging to 17 species of 3 orders,11 genera and 17 species, and the capture density was 21.29%; the parasitic fleas 618, belonging to 6 genera of 3 families,6 genera and 9 species, the dye uptake rate was 27.60%, and the total flea index was 0.58. Among them, the species of the dominant species were 45.74%, 33.12% and 11.60%, respectively, and the ratio of the two species was 46.93% and 28.48%, respectively. The number and the capture density of the rat-shaped animal were the highest in the autumn (283, 23.86%), the lowest in the summer, the number of the fleas in the parasitic fleas, the highest in spring (260, 45.14%, 1.01), and the lowest in the autumn. The diversity and richness index of the rat-shaped animal community show a unimodal distribution with the change of the season, the uniformity index and the ecological dominance index show no typical change trend with the season, and the diversity and richness index of the parasitic fleas are in a "V"-type distribution with the change of the seasons, The uniformity index is on the rise with the change of the season, and the ecological dominance shows a downward trend. There were 884 rodent-shaped animals in Yulong County of Yulong County, belonging to 19 species of 3-order 6 families, the capture density was 17.98%, and 484 of the parasitic fleas, belonging to 7 genera of 3 families,7 genera and 9 species, the dye uptake rate was 24.77%, and the total flea index was 0.55. Among them, the dominant species of the species were 34.95%, 17.99%, 16.06% and 11.76%, respectively. The composition ratio was 34.09% and 25.41%, respectively. 14.46% and 12.19%. The number and the capture density of the rat-shaped animal were the highest in the autumn (309, 23.37%), the lowest in the spring, and the highest in winter (198, 35.75%, 1.03), and the lowest in autumn. The diversity and the evenness index of the rat-shaped animal community are in the "V"-type distribution with the seasonal variation, and the ecological dominance index is unimodal distribution; the diversity and the evenness index of the parasitic fleas are on the rise with the change of the seasons, and the ecological dominance index is in a downward trend, The richness index is unimodal. There was no significant correlation between the rat density and the parasitic fleas (r = 0.40, P = 0.600) in the four seasons of Yersinia pestis in Lianghe County (r = 0.40, P = 0.600). There was no significant correlation between the rat density and the parasitic flea in Yulong County (r =-0.80, P = 0.200). There was a difference in the capture density of three (2 = 525.95, P = 0.000), and there was a difference in the rate of the mouse-shaped animal (2 = 96.73, P = 0.000). There was no agreement between the species of the mouse-shaped animal and the species of the flea in the plague of Yulong County and Yulong County (P = 0.0005). Conclusion 1. The dominant species of the wild rat-shaped animals in the plague foci in Lianghe County are the yellow-pectus and the dominant species of the parasitic fleas are the two species of the near-end far-rod fleas, all of which are obvious in the winter distribution. The dominant species of the wild rat-shaped animals in the plague foci in Jianchuan County, which are the dominant species in the autumn, are the dominant species in the autumn, and the dominant species of the parasitic fleas are the fleas of the square leaf, and the advantages of the distribution in the spring are obvious. The dominant species of the wild rat-shaped animals in Yulong County, Yulong County, are the species of the species of the genus Chicki, and the dominant species of the parasitic fleas are the specific subspecies of the special new fleas, all of which are obvious in the summer distribution. The diversity of the rodent and its parasitic fleas, the seasonal distribution of the uniformity index has a central tendency, which is closely related to the epidemic of the plague in the epidemic area, and can be considered as a monitoring and early warning indicator for the epidemic of the plague. The distribution and composition of the rat-shaped animal and its parasitic fleas and the seasonal fluctuation of the plague were compared and analyzed, and the plague foci of Yulong County were very similar to the plague foci in Jianchuan County.
【学位授予单位】：大理大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：R516.8

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