骆驼刺与苜蓿混合青贮饲用价值综合评价

发布时间：2018-03-02 14:12

本文选题：骆驼刺　切入点：混合青贮　出处：《中国农业大学》2017年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：本研究从不同物候期骆驼刺的青贮,最适青贮物候期骆驼刺与紫花苜蓿混合青贮,混贮饲料的体外发酵特性,及其对多浪羊适口性等参数的影响,用4个试验系统探讨了骆驼刺作为一种有待开发饲料的饲用价值和应用前景。其中,试验1通过分析不同物候期对骆驼刺青贮品质的影响,以确定最适青贮刈割期;试验2通过分析盛花期骆驼刺与紫花苜蓿混合青贮品质和微生物变化,确定二者适宜的混贮比例;试验3通过分析骆驼刺及其与紫花苜蓿混合青S贮饲料的体外降解特性,确定骆驼刺和苜蓿混贮的组合效应,初步判断骆驼刺及其与苜蓿混合青贮饲料可被动物的利用程度;试验4就混合青贮饲料的适口性、瘤胃发酵参数、血常规、血液生化指标、降解率和平均日增重等进行综合评价,为骆驼刺资源的合理利用提供客观的依据。试验一将分枝期、初花期、盛花期及结实期的骆驼刺进行青贮,分析青贮饲料和青贮原料的化学成分,鉴定青贮饲料的感官品质和发酵品质,研究不同物候期对骆驼刺青贮品质的影响,以确定骆驼刺的最适青贮刈割期。结果表明,不同物候期骆驼刺及其青贮饲料的化学成分差异极显著(P0.01),其发酵品质差异也显著(P0.05)。在4个物候期中,盛花期骆驼刺的水溶性碳水化合物(WSC,12.73%),粗蛋白(CP)含量(16.88%)最高,其青贮的pH值(3.65)和氨态氮/总氮(1.03%)最低。盛花期和结实期骆驼刺的乳酸含量分别为6.06%和6.23%,两者间差异不显著(P0.05),却显著高于分枝期(2.59%)和初花期(3.19%)的乳酸含量(P0.05),以分枝期的乳酸含量最低。不同物候期骆驼刺青贮的乙酸含量存在极显著差异(P0.01),初花期骆驼刺青贮的乙酸含量(2.04%)显著高于其他处理,结实期骆驼刺青贮的乙酸含量(0.71%)显著低于其他处理(P0.01),所有处理青贮饲料的丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸和异戊酸含量均未检出或仅为微量。综合评价盛花期效果最好,将盛花期做为骆驼刺的最适青贮刈割期。试验二以100%苜蓿(M),100%骆驼刺(LS) , 30%骆驼刺+70%苜蓿(LS3),50%骆驼刺+50%苜蓿(LS5) , 70%骆驼刺+30%苜蓿(LS7)为青贮原料,共5个处理,每个处理3个重复。通过分析青贮前和青贮后化学成分,青贮品质,判断二者混合青贮效果,结果表明,骆驼刺与苜蓿混合后,提高DM、WSC含量;青贮90d后,混合青贮处理LS3、LS5、LS7的乳酸含量分别为3.86、5.64和6.75%, LS5、LS7的乳酸含量著高于(P0.05) 100%苜蓿青贮的乳酸含量(3.54%);混合青贮处理LS3、LS5、LS7的乙酸含量分别为1.90、1.68和1.60%,显著高于(P0.05) 100%骆驼刺青贮的乙酸含量(1.32%);混合青贮处理LS3、LS5、LS7的NH3-N/TN 为 9.26、2.19 和 1.35%, pH 值分别为 3.84、3.80 和 3.72,显著低于(P0.05) 100%苜蓿青贮的NH3-N/TN (11.38%)和pH值(4.35);混合青贮处理LS3、LS5、LS7的丙酸、丁酸、戊酸、乙酸和乙醇含量也显著低于(P0.05)苜蓿青贮。处理LS3、LS5、LS7的乳酸菌总数分别为7.56、8.62和9.65 log cfu/g,枯草芽孢杆菌数量分别为3.02、4.09、4.45 log cfu/g,胶红酵母数量分别为0.8、1.15、1.45 log cfu/g,均显著高于100%苜蓿青贮的乳酸菌总数(5.76 log cfu/g),枯草芽孢杆菌数量(2.30logcfu/g)和胶红酵母菌数(0.03logcfu/g)。通过对感官得分,乳酸含量、丁酸含量、NH3-N/TN、乳酸菌数和酵母菌数的综合评价,70%骆驼刺+30%苜蓿为合适混合青贮比例。试验三采用苜蓿干草(Ⅰ ), 100%骆驼刺青P贮(Ⅱ), 30%骆驼刺+70%苜蓿青贮(Ⅲ),50%骆驼刺+50%苜蓿青贮(Ⅳ) , 70%骆驼刺+30%苜蓿青贮(V)进行体外发酵比较,分别记录培养2、4、8、12、24、36、48、72和96小时的产气量;测定发酵24小时的发酵参数、降解率及其组合效应,初步判断骆驼刺及其与苜蓿混合青贮可被动物的利用程度。结果表明,混贮饲料处理Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ的体外发酵24h产气量分别为10.00、20.00和23.00ml,均显著低于苜蓿干草(28ml)和100%骆驼刺青贮(24.00ml)的产气量。混合青贮体外发酵液处理Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ的pH值分别为6.47、6.53和6.57,均在瘤胃正常pH值范围内,且都高于6.2,其NH3-N浓度分别为20.41、19.47和18.65mg/dL,均在瘤胃液氨态氮最佳浓度(85～300mg/L)范围内,不会对纤维降解菌的蛋白质的利用产生不利影响。处理Ⅲ、Ⅳ、V的体外DM降解率分别为31.53、32.56和33.75%,均低于苜蓿(35.23%)和100%骆驼刺青贮饲料(34.79%)的体外降解率;其TVFA 分别为 61.30、60.50 和 57.10 mmol/L,均显著高于(P0.05)苜蓿干草(52.00 mmol/L)和100%骆驼刺青贮(50.00mmol/L)的TVFA。经综合评价,混合青贮中,70%骆驼刺+30%苜蓿混合青贮的体外降解效果优于50%骆驼刺+50%苜蓿混合青贮优于30%骆驼刺+70%苜蓿青贮。试验四本试验用基础日粮与苜蓿干草(Ⅰ),100%骆驼刺(Ⅱ) , 30%骆驼刺+70%苜蓿(Ⅲ) , 50%骆驼刺+50%苜蓿(Ⅳ),70%骆驼刺+30%苜蓿(V)青贮饲喂多浪羊,分析其适口性、表观消化率、日增重、瘤胃发酵参数、血常规和血液生化指标的变化,为生产实践提供理论依据。结果表明,多浪羊对混合青贮饲料处理Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ的采食速率分别为15.82、19.24和11.66g/min,显著高于骆驼刺青贮饲料(9.86g/min),混合青贮改善了骆驼刺的适口性(P0.05)。DM、OM、CP、NDF、ADF的消化率在处理Ⅱ与混合青贮饲料处理Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ间不存在显著差异,表明混贮不影响骆驼刺的消化率。所有处理组的瘤胃pH值和瘤胃液氨态氮均在瘤胃正常范围内。各处理组的瘤胃液乙酸含量存在极显著差异(P0.01),以50%骆驼刺+50%苜蓿组乙酸含量最高(75.70 mmol/L);饲喂混合青贮饲料处理Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ的丙酸含量分别为49.30、38.10和35.70mmol/L显著高于骆驼刺青贮(31.90 mmol/L)和苜蓿干草组(33.00mmol/L)的丙酸含量;其丁酸含量分别为18.30、21.40和18.80mmol/L,显著高于(P0.05)苜蓿干草组(17.10mmol/L);处理Ⅳ的 TVFA (135.40mmol/L)显著高于(P0.05)其他 4 组处理。多浪羊的血常规值除处理Ⅱ的淋巴细胞数量(240.50)显著高于处理Ⅰ (160.22)外,其他处理间的全部血常规指标不存在显著性差异(P0.05),且均在血常规额正常范围内。血液生化指标表明,处理Ⅰ的肌酐含量(94.60 umol/L)显著高于处理Ⅲ (77.00 umol/L),处理Ⅰ的谷丙转氨酶(28.40 U/L),谷草/谷丙(3.78)显著低于处理Ⅲ的谷丙转氨酶(20.60 U/L)和谷草/谷丙(6.64);血液中总蛋白含量处理V (81.90 g/L)显著高于处理Ⅲ (64.28 g/L);处理Ⅱ的血液间接胆红素(2.56umol/L)显著高于(P0.05)处理V (1.50umol/L)。血糖、尿素、尿酸、肌酐、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、谷氨酰转氨酶含量、血液白蛋白、球蛋白、白球比、总胆红素和间接胆红素均在正常值范围内,且无显著性差异(P0.05)。表明混合青贮饲料对多浪羊肝脏、肾脏、心脏、能量和蛋白代谢无不利影响。经综合评价,50%骆驼刺+50%苜蓿组在3组混合青贮中,饲喂效果最好。
[Abstract]:This study from the different phenological periods of Alhagi silage, the optimum silage phenology of a.sparsifolia and alfalfa silage and Mixed Silage Fermentation Characteristics in vitro, and its effect on Duolang sheep palatability parameters, 4 test system of a.sparsifolia as a developing feed forage value and application future. Among them, 1 test through the analysis of the influence of different phenological periods on the quality of the camel's tattoo storage, in order to determine the most suitable silage cutting period; 2 test by analyzing the flowering of a.sparsifolia and alfalfa silage quality and microbiological changes, determines the two appropriate proportion of mixed storage; through the analysis of 3 test a.sparsifolia and in vitro the degradation characteristics of Alfalfa and S mixed with green fodder, determine the combined effect of a.sparsifolia and Mixed Silage of alfalfa, alfalfa and preliminary a.sparsifolia silage can be used in animal experiments of 4 degree judgment; mixed green The palatability of silage, rumen fermentation, blood routine, blood biochemical index, the degradation rate and the average daily gain of a comprehensive evaluation, provide objective basis for rational use of resources for the camels. Sting test will be a branching period, flowering period, flowering period and fruiting period a.sparsifolia silage, silage chemical composition analysis forage and silage materials, identification of silage fermentation quality and sensory quality in different phenological periods, study effect of storage on the quality of camel tattoo, in order to determine the most suitable silage harvest time of camel thorn. The results showed that the difference of chemical composition in different phenological periods and a.sparsifolia silage significantly (P0.01), the differences of fermentation quality also significant (P0.05). In 4 the phenological period, flowering period of a.sparsifolia water soluble carbohydrate (WSC, 12.73%), crude protein (CP) content (16.88%) the highest, the silage pH value (3.65) and ammonia nitrogen / total nitrogen (1.03%) minimum. The content of lactic acid in flowering stage and fruiting stage a.sparsifolia were 6.06% and 6.23%, no significant difference between them (P0.05), was significantly higher than that of the branching stage and flowering stage (2.59%) (3.19%) the content of lactic acid (P0.05), with the lowest content of lactic acid during branching. There were significant differences in the content of acetic acid in different phenological periods a.sparsifolia silage (P0.01), flowering period of camel tattoo acetic acid content storage (2.04%) was significantly higher than other treatments, seed storage of the camel tattoo acetic acid (0.71%) was significantly lower than other treatment (P0.01), all treated silage butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid and isovaleric acid content were not detected or only trace. Comprehensive evaluation of the flowering effect is the best, the most suitable for the flowering of silage was two. The test of Alhagi in 100% alfalfa (M), 100% (LS, 30%) a.sparsifolia a.sparsifolia +70% alfalfa (LS3), 50% camel thorn +50% alfalfa (LS5), 70% +30% (camel thorn of Alfalfa LS7) for the youth Storage of raw materials, a total of 5 treatments, 3 replicates per treatment. Through the analysis of the quality of silage and silage before chemical composition, two Mixed Silage silage, determine the effect, the results show that the mixture of a.sparsifolia and M.sativa, increased DM and WSC content; silage 90d, Mixed Silage processing LS3, LS5, LS7 of lactic acid were 3.86,5.64 and 6.75%, LS5, LS7 were higher than that of lactic acid (P0.05) lactic acid content of 100% alfalfa silage (3.54%); Mixed Silage treatment LS3, LS5, LS7 content of acetic acid were 1.90,1.68 and 1.60%, significantly higher than that of (P0.05) 100% camel tattoo acetic acid content storage (1.32%); Mixed Silage processing LS3, LS5, LS7 and NH3-N/TN were 9.26,2.19 and 1.35%, pH values were 3.84,3.80 and 3.72 respectively, significantly lower than 100% (P0.05) of alfalfa silage NH3-N/TN (11.38%) and pH (4.35); Mixed Silage treatment LS3, LS5, LS7, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, acetic acid and ethanol content was also significantly Below (P0.05) of Alfalfa silages. LS3, LS5, the total number of lactic acid bacteria LS7 were 7.56,8.62 and 9.65 log cfu/g, the number of Bacillus subtilis were 3.02,4.09,4.45 log cfu/g, the number of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa were 0.8,1.15,1.45 log cfu/g, the total number of lactic acid bacteria were significantly higher than that of the 100% alfalfa silage (5.76 log cfu/g), the number of Bacillus subtilis coli (2.30logcfu/g) and red gum yeast (0.03logcfu/g). Based on the sensory score, lactic acid, butyric acid, NH3-N/TN, comprehensive evaluation of lactic acid bacteria and yeast, 70% camel thorn +30% alfalfa appropriate Mixed Silage ratio. Experiment three using alfalfa hay (I), 100% P (II) a camel tattoo 30%, Alhagi +70% (III), 50% alfalfa silage Alhagi +50% alfalfa silage (IV), 70% Alhagi +30% alfalfa silage (V) were compared in vitro fermentation, biogas production and 2,4,8,12,24,36,48,72 training were recorded 96 hours of testing; Set the fermentation parameters fermentation for 24 hours, and the degradation rate of combined effects, and preliminary Alhagi and alfalfa Mixed Silage can be used to judge the extent of the animal. The results showed that the Mixed Silage treatment III, IV, V and 24h gas production in vitro fermentation were 10.00,20.00 and 23.00ml, were significantly lower than alfalfa hay (28ml) and the 100% camel tattoo storage (24.00ml) gas production. The mixed silage fermentation liquid treatment III, IV, V and pH value were 6.47,6.53 and 6.57, were in the rumen pH value of normal range, and higher than 6.2, the concentration of NH3-N were 20.41,19.47 and 18.65mg/dL, both in the rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration (the best 85 ~ 300mg/L) range, will not produce adverse effects on fiber degrading bacteria using protein. Treatment III, IV in vitro, DM degradation rate of V were 31.53,32.56 and 33.75%, were lower than alfalfa (35.23%) and 100% (34.79%) camel tattoo silage reduced in vitro The rate of TVFA; were 61.30,60.50 and 57.10 mmol/L, were significantly higher than that of alfalfa hay (P0.05) (52 mmol/L) and 100% (50.00mmol/L) of the camel tattoo storage by TVFA. comprehensive evaluation, Mixed Silage, 70% alfalfa silage Alhagi +30% degradation in vitro is better than 50% Alhagi +50% alfalfa Mixed Silage is better than 30% camels thorn +70% of Alfalfa silages. In this experiment, four test diets with alfalfa hay (I), 100% (II), 30% a.sparsifolia a.sparsifolia +70% alfalfa (III), 50% a.sparsifolia +50% alfalfa (IV), 70% +30% (V) a.sparsifolia alfalfa silage Duolang sheep, analyze its palatability. The apparent digestibility, ADG, rumen fermentation parameters, the change of blood routine and blood biochemical indexes, provide theoretical basis for production practice. The results show that the Duolang sheep of Mixed Silage treatment III, IV, V and feeding rate were 15.82,19.24 and 11.66g/min, was significantly higher than that of Luo The camel thorn silage (9.86g/min), Mixed Silage improves the palatability of Alhagi (P0.05).DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF in the digestibility of silage processing processing II and III, IV, and there was no significant difference between V, that mixed storage does not affect a.sparsifolia digestibility. The treatment group of ruminal pH and ruminal ammonia nitrogen in rumen were in normal range. There were significant differences in ruminal acetate content of each treatment group (P0.01), with 50% a.sparsifolia +50% alfalfa group acetic acid was the highest (75.70 mmol/L); feeding silage treatment III, IV and V respectively propionic acid content 49.30,38.10 and 35.70mmol/L were significantly higher than that of the camel tattoo storage (31.90 mmol/L) and alfalfa hay group (33.00mmol/L) propionic acid content; the content of butyric acid were 18.30,21.40 and 18.80mmol/L, was significantly higher than that of alfalfa hay (P0.05) group (17.10mmol/L); treatment IV TVFA (135.40mmol/L) was significantly higher In the other 4 groups (P0.05). Duolang sheep blood value in treatment of lymphocyte numbers (240.50) was significantly higher than that of treatment 1 (160.22), other treatments all the blood routine index does not exist significant differences (P0.05), and were in the normal range. The amount of blood that blood biochemical index, creatinine the content of treatment (94.60 umol/L) was significantly higher than that of treatment III (77 umol/L), treatment of alanine aminotransferase (28.40 U/L), aspartate / alanine (3.78) was significantly lower than that of treatment with alanine aminotransferase (20.60 U/L) and aspartate / alanine (6.64); V (total protein content in blood 81.90 g/L) was significantly higher than that of treatment III (64.28 g/L); blood bilirubin treatment II (2.56umol/L) was significantly higher than that of (P0.05) V (1.50umol/L). Blood glucose, urea, uric acid, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, glutamyl aminotransferase levels, blood albumin, ball Protein, globulin ratio, total bilirubin and indirect bilirubin were in the normal range, and no significant difference (P0.05). Show that the Mixed Silage of Duolang sheep liver, kidney, heart, no adverse effect on the energy and protein metabolism. Through comprehensive evaluation, 50% Alhagi +50% group in the 3 groups of Mixed Silage of alfalfa in the best feeding effect.

【学位授予单位】：中国农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S816.53

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