北京“土壤-饲料-奶牛”系统氮磷流动及环境损失时空特征

发布时间：2018-03-20 11:26

本文选题：“土壤-饲料-奶牛”生产系统　切入点：养分利用效率　出处：《中国生态农业学报》2017年03期 　论文类型：期刊论文

【摘要】：分析大城市郊区"土壤-饲料-奶牛"养殖体系养分流动和环境排放特征是合理控制养殖规模、促进农牧结合、保护生态环境和保障畜禽产品供应等政策制定的基础。本研究选取北京市郊区28个规模化奶牛农场,调研包括饲料来源和投入、奶牛生产和粪尿管理以及产品输出情况。结合公开发表的文献数据和北京市统计数据,利用NUFER-animal模型对1980—2013年北京市规模化奶牛农场"土壤-饲料-奶牛"生产系统养分流动特征、利用效率和环境损失的时空变化进行了定量化分析。结果表明,1980—2013年,奶牛个体尺度(仅包括泌乳牛)氮利用效率从14.9%增加到21.2%,磷利用效率从13.8%增加到27.3%;群体尺度(包括犊牛、育成牛、青年牛、泌乳牛和干乳牛)氮利用效率从14.5%增加到18.2%,磷利用效率从15.8%增加到24.9%;系统尺度(土壤-饲料-奶牛)氮利用效率从11.3%增加到15.8%,磷利用效率从13.3%增加到22.3%。北京市奶牛养殖个体尺度、群体尺度和系统尺度氮利用效率在1985年前减少;而1985年后逐渐增加。个体尺度、群体尺度和系统尺度磷利用效率均不断增加。系统尺度氮总损失从1980年的1 516 t增加到2013年的16 973 t;磷总损失从114 t增加到1 763 t。生产1 kg氮磷产品造成的氮和磷损失均表现出不断减少的趋势。北京市"土壤-饲料-奶牛"生产系统氮磷流动特征发生了很大变化,养分利用效率和总环境损失不断增加。产生这一变化的原因是养殖数量的增加、养殖模式从传统向集约化转变和环保管理措施的完善。因此,调整奶牛养殖从数量型向质量型转变以及提高喂养技术和粪尿管理水平等是提高都市奶牛养殖可持续发展的必要措施。
[Abstract]:The characteristics of nutrient flow and environmental emission of "soil-feed-cow" farming system in suburban area of big city were analyzed. The characteristics of nutrient flow and environmental emission were reasonable control of breeding scale and promotion of combination of agriculture and animal husbandry. In this study, 28 large-scale dairy farms in the suburbs of Beijing were selected to investigate feed sources and inputs. Dairy cattle production, fecal and urine management and product output. Combined with published literature and statistical data in Beijing, the nutrient flow characteristics of "soil-feed dairy cow" production system in large-scale dairy farms in Beijing from 1980 to 2013 were analyzed by using NUFER-animal model. The temporal and spatial changes of utilization efficiency and environmental loss were quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that nitrogen use efficiency increased from 14.9% to 21.2, phosphorus use efficiency increased from 13.8% to 27.3 percent, and population scale (including calves) increased from 14.9% to 21.2 in individual scale (including lactating cows). Cattle, young cattle, The nitrogen use efficiency of lactating cattle and dry dairy cattle increased from 14.5% to 18.2, the phosphorus utilization efficiency increased from 15.8% to 24.910; the nitrogen utilization efficiency of systematical scale (soil-feed cow) increased from 11.3% to 15.8; the phosphorus utilization efficiency increased from 13.3% to 22.3B. The individual scale of cattle farming, The N use efficiency of population scale and system scale decreased before 1985, but gradually increased after 1985. The total loss of nitrogen and phosphorus increased from 1 516 t in 1980 to 16 973 t in 2013, and the total loss of phosphorus increased from 114 t to 1 763 t. The characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus flow in the "soil-feed-cow" production system in Beijing have changed greatly. Nutrient use efficiency and total environmental loss are increasing. This change is due to the increase in the number of aquaculture, the transformation of culture model from traditional to intensive, and the improvement of environmental management measures. It is necessary to improve the sustainable development of urban dairy cattle breeding by adjusting the transformation from quantity to quality and improving feeding technology and management level of feces and urine.
【作者单位】：植物-土壤相互作用教育部重点实验室/中国农业大学资源与环境学院;中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心/中国科学院农业水资源重点实验室/河北省节水农业重点实验室;北京市畜牧业环境监测站;
【基金】：科技部国家国际科技合作专项项目(2015DFG91990) 国家自然科学基金面上项目(31572210) 中国科学院重点部署项目(ZDRW-ZS-2016-5);中国科学院“百人计划”项目资助~~
【分类号】：S181;F326.3;X71

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