放牧与焚烧对松嫩羊草草原病害的影响

发布时间：2018-05-14 07:21

  本文选题：放牧 + 焚烧　； 参考：《兰州大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：放牧是草地主要利用方式,焚烧是草地管理的常用措施之一,二者均可对草地植物病害产生显著影响。本研究在吉林省长岭县种马场,东北师范大学松嫩草原研究站进行。2013和2014连续两年在植物生长季研究了绵羊不同放牧强度和春末焚烧等条件下草地植物病害的发生规律,所获主要结果如下。1、共发现10属12种病原真菌引致11种植物的19种病害,其中最常见的病害是白粉病、锈病,分别有6和3种植物发生病害。发生病害最普遍的植物为禾本科、豆科、菊科和蓼科,分别发现病害10种、4种、4种和1种。当地最常见的病害是羊草(Leymus chinensis)斑点病(Ascochyta sp.)、羊草叶斑病(Phyllosticta sp.)。2、初步认定11种病害为吉林省植物病害新记录。它们是虎尾草(Chloris virgata)黑痣病(Phyllachora graminis)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)叶斑病(Exserohilum sp.)和叶斑病(Septoria sp.)、獐茅(Aeluropus litthoralis)白粉病(Oidium sp.)、拂子茅(Calamagrostis epigeios)锈病(Uromyces sp.)以及羊草锈病(Uromyces sp.)、黑痣病(Phyllachora sp.)和斑点病；苦苣菜(Sonchus brachyotus)灰霉病(Botrytis cinerea)、全叶马兰(Kalimeris integrtifolia)白粉病(Oidium sp.)和锈病(Puccinia Persoon)、3、在0、3、6只羊单位/hm2放牧强度下,羊草斑点病、羊草叶斑病、羊草黑痣病等3种病害的发病率及病情指数在3只羊单位每公顷最高,其次为0只羊单位每公顷,6只羊单位每公顷最低。而羊草锈病发病率和病情指数皆随放牧强度的增加而降低,即在6只羊单位每公顷下最低,且在6只羊单位每公顷和3只羊单位每公顷下显著低于0只羊单位每公顷。4、与不焚烧草地相比,焚烧显著减少草地植物病害发生种类、发病率、病情指数,改变发病期。寄主植物由焚烧前禾本科、豆科、蓼科、菊科4科减少到禾本科1科。病害种类由焚烧前的17种减少至5种,包括羊草叶斑病、斑点病、芦苇锈病(Puccinia Persoon)、叶斑病(Septoria sp.)、拂子茅锈病。上述5种病害的发病率分别从焚烧前的39.0%--58.0%、20.0%--36.0%、10.0%—55.0%、20.0%--65.0%以及8.5%--30.0%降低至焚烧后的9.7%--36.9%、4.0%--21.7%、0.0%--36.0%、0.0%--30.0%以及0.0%--20.0%；病情指数则由焚烧前的17.3—40.7、9.3-21.7、3.3-28.3、6.7-31.7以及3.3-11.7降低至焚烧后的4.027.5、1.6-11.8、0.0-20.7、0.0-11.7以及0.0-7.3。焚烧后所有植物病害在6、7、8月份发病率和严重度显著降低,而在生长季末期9、10月份则差异不显著；病害发病高峰期均从8月份推迟至9月份；而除羊草斑点病、叶斑病外,其它3种病害的初始发病期则由6月份推迟至7月份。5、放牧和焚烧处理下,羊草斑点病、羊草叶斑病、芦苇锈病、芦苇叶斑病以及拂子茅锈病等5种病害的发病率及病情指数在3只羊单位每公顷最高,其次为0只羊单位每公顷,6只羊单位每公顷最低。病害发病高峰期为9月份；而除羊草斑点病、叶斑病外,其它3种病害的初始发病期则为7月份。
[Abstract]:Grazing is the main way of grassland utilization, and incineration is one of the common measures in grassland management, both of which have a significant effect on grassland plant diseases. In this study, the occurrence of plant diseases in sheep under different grazing intensity and incineration in late spring were studied in Changling County, Jilin Province, and at Songnen grassland Research Station of Northeast normal University for two consecutive years in plant growth season. The main results were as follows: 1. A total of 10 genera and 12 species of pathogenic fungi were found to cause 19 kinds of plant diseases, among which the most common diseases were powdery mildew and rust, and 6 and 3 plant diseases were found respectively. The most common plants were Gramineae, Leguminosae, Compositae and Polygonaceae. The most common diseases were Ascochyta sp. and Phyllosticta sp. 2. 11 diseases were identified as new records of plant diseases in Jilin Province. They are Chloris virgata, Phyllachora graminis, Phragmites australis, Exserohilum sp.) And Septoria sp., Aeluropus litthora) powdery mildew, Calamagrostis epigeiosi) Rust (Uromyces sp.) And Rust of Leymus chinensis, Uromyces sp., Phyllachora sp. and Phyllachora sp. Botrytis cinerea, Ma Lan Kalimeris integrtifolia) Oidium sp.) Under grazing intensity per unit / hm ~ 2 of 6 sheep, the incidence and disease index of Leymus chinensis spot disease, Leymus chinensis leaf spot disease and Leymus chinensis black nevus disease were the highest per hectare. Second, 0 sheep units per hectare 6 sheep units per hectare the lowest. However, the incidence and disease index of Leymus chinensis rust decreased with the increase of grazing intensity, which was the lowest in 6 sheep per hectare. In addition, 6 sheep units and 3 sheep units per hectare were significantly lower than 0 sheep units per hectare. Compared with non-incineration grassland, incineration significantly reduced the occurrence of plant diseases, incidence, disease index and change of incidence period. The host plants decreased from 4 families of Gramineae, Leguminosae, Polygonaceae and Compositae to 1 family of Gramineae. The number of diseases decreased from 17 before burning to 5, including Leymus chinensis leaf spot, spot disease, Reed rust Puccinia Persoonium, leaf spot disease Septoria sp. 涓婅堪5绉嶇梾瀹崇殑鍙戠梾鐜囧垎鍒�浠庣剼鐑у墠鐨�39.0%--58.0%,20.0%--36.0%,10.0%鈥，

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