低血钙症对奶牛生产性能、饲料能源损耗、粪污排放影响的研究

发布时间：2018-05-22 08:04

本文选题：奶牛低血钙症 + 繁殖性能　；参考：《黑龙江八一农垦大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着畜牧业的快速发展,畜牧业造成的粮食能源消耗、以及畜牧业产生的粪便对土壤、水源和空气的污染也成为了畜牧业节能减排绿色发展主要障碍。然而发展资源节约型和环境友好型的畜牧业首先应提倡“健康先行”。近年来,随着我国奶牛业的发展,高产品种的培育和引进,奶牛围产期疾病日趋突出。低血钙症是奶牛围产期常见的营养代谢病之一,其导致的奶牛泌乳量低下、饲料能源的利用率低下,都给畜牧业造成巨大的经济损失。然而低血钙症对奶牛生产性能、饲料能源损耗和粪污排放的影响尚不明确。因此,本试验于黑龙江某集约化牛场开展了低血钙症奶牛生产性能、饲料能源损耗、粪污排放特征的研究,为奶牛业绿色发展提供基础数据。试验一、集约化牛场奶牛低血钙症生产性能的研究。在黑龙江某集约化奶牛养殖场选取产后30天内的奶牛,依据血钙指标确定低血钙组20头和健康组25头作为试验动物,通过记录奶牛基本信息并跟踪记录各临床资料,对奶牛低血钙症与生产性能的关系进行研究,结果显示:患低血钙症的奶牛繁殖性能整体降低,表现为首次发情天数、初配天数、配种天数和产犊间隔延长,以上指标差异均极显著高于健康组(p0.01);低血钙组奶牛输精次数显著高于健康组(p0.05);低血钙组奶牛的泌乳天数极显著高于健康组(p0.01);但平均每天产奶量极显著低于健康组(p0.01);患低血钙症的奶牛泌乳性能下降;患低血钙症的奶牛更容易患肢蹄病、胃肠疾病、乳房炎、子宫炎、子宫感染,其中与低血钙症乳房炎呈极显著正相关(p0.01),与子宫感染呈显著正相关(p0.05)。试验二、亚临床低血钙奶症牛血、乳、粪、尿、指标特征的研究。在黑龙江某集约化奶牛养殖场选取产后7-14天的奶牛12头,根据血钙浓度分为亚临床低血钙组和健康组奶牛各6头,试验期为4天,通过血液、乳汁、粪便、尿液等样品中代谢相关指标的检测,阐明亚临床低血钙奶牛代谢特征。结果表明:亚临床低血钙组AST和TBIL极显著高于健康组(p0.01),亚临床低血钙组CREA含量显著高于健康组(p0.05);ALP、TP、TC指标含量均极显著低于健康组(p0.01);亚临床低血钙组BHBA、NEFA均高于健康组,其中NEFA极显著高于健康组(p0.01),BHBA显著高于健康组(p0.05),亚临床低血钙组GLU浓度显著低于健康组(P0.05);亚临床低血钙组Ca、P、Mg含量均极显著低于健康组(p0.01)。乳汁指标中亚临床低血钙组乳脂率、乳蛋白率、干物质均显著高于健康组(p0.05);粪便指标中亚临床低血钙组酸性洗涤纤维显著低于健康组(p0.05)。尿液指标中亚临床低血钙组镁离子含量显著低于健康组(p0.05),尿蛋白含量显著高于健康组(p0.05)。试验三、亚临床低血钙症奶牛饲料能源损耗及粪污排放特征的研究。本试验于黑龙江省某大型集约化奶牛养殖场,根据其血钙浓度和临床表现选取12头荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,每组各6头,分别为亚临床低血钙组和健康组。每头奶牛均为单独饲养,连续饲养4天,通过血液生化分析,以及泌乳性能、采食量、粪、尿排放量以及通过简易动态箱法对试验奶牛粪尿产生的温室气体排放量进行分析。结果表明:亚临床低血钙症奶牛血清中Ca、P、Mg的浓度极显著低于健康组(p0.01),血糖浓度显著低于健康组(p0.05),BHBA浓度显著高于健康组(p0.05),NEFA浓度极显著高于健康组奶牛(P0.01);亚临床低血钙症奶牛产奶量极显著高于健康组(p0.01),4%能量校正乳(ECM)显著高于健康奶牛(p0.01),排粪量显著高于健康组(p0.05);干物质消化率的差异虽然不显著但有升高趋势。亚临床低血钙症组奶牛粪尿NH3和CO2排放量减少,但CH4的排放无差异。结论:患低血钙症的奶牛泌乳性能和繁殖性能均降低,更容易继发乳房炎和子宫感染,给牛场带来严重的经济损失。患亚临床低血钙症奶牛在试验期间表现为能量负平衡,肝功能异常,矿物质代谢紊乱,肾功能障碍,但肠道消化吸收功能增强。亚临床低血钙症奶牛粪尿产生的NH3和CO2排放量低于健康牛,然而降低的温室气体排放是否与肠道消化吸收率的增加促进了饲料能量的吸收有关利用仍需进一步研究。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of animal husbandry, the consumption of grain and energy caused by animal husbandry, and the pollution of feces to soil, water and air produced by animal husbandry have also become the main obstacle to the green development of animal husbandry. However, the development of resource saving and environment-friendly animal husbandry should first advocate "health first". The development of dairy cattle industry in China, the cultivation and introduction of high-yielding varieties, the perinatal diseases of dairy cows are becoming increasingly prominent. Hypocalcemia is one of the common metabolic diseases in the perinatal period of dairy cows. The low lactating amount of dairy cows and low utilization rate of feed energy have caused huge economic losses to the animal husbandry. The effects of feed energy loss and fecal discharge were not clear. Therefore, this experiment was carried out in an intensive cattle farm in Heilongjiang to study the production performance of low blood calcium cows, feed energy loss, and the characteristics of fecal pollution, and provide basic data for the green development of dairy cattle industry. The dairy cattle breeding farm in Heilongjiang was selected for 30 days after postpartum. According to the blood calcium index, 20 heads of low blood calcium group and 25 healthy groups were selected as experimental animals. The relationship between cow hypocalcemia and production performance was studied by recording the basic information of dairy cows and tracking all clinical data. The results showed that cows with low blood calcium syndrome were with low blood calcium. The reproductive performance was reduced as a whole, showing the number of days of first estrus, the number of days, the number of mating days and the prolongation of the calving interval. All the above indexes were significantly higher than that of the healthy group (P0.01); the number of sperms in the low blood calcium group was significantly higher than that in the healthy group (P0.05); the milking days in the low blood calcium group were significantly higher than that in the healthy group (P0.01); but the average milk production was produced on average daily milk. The lactating performance of cows with hypocalcemia was significantly lower than that in the healthy group (P0.01); the cows suffering from hypocalcemia were more likely to suffer from limb foot and foot disease, gastrointestinal disease, mastitis, hystertis, and uterine infection, which had a significant positive correlation with hypocalcemia mastitis (P0.01), and had a significant positive correlation with uterine infection (P0.05). Trial two, subclinical hypocalcemia Study on the characteristics of blood, milk, feces, urine, and urine, in a dairy farm in Heilongjiang, 12 cows were selected for 7-14 days after postpartum. The blood calcium concentration was divided into subclinical hypocalcemia group and 6 cows in healthy group, and the test period was 4 days. The subclinical low level was clarified by blood, milk, feces, urine and other samples. The metabolic characteristics of the blood calcium cow showed that the subclinical hypocalcemia group AST and TBIL were significantly higher than the healthy group (P0.01), the CREA content of subclinical hypocalcemia group was significantly higher than that of the healthy group (P0.05); ALP, TP, TC index content were significantly lower than that of the healthy group (P0.01); the BHBA, NEFA of subclinical hypocalcemia group was higher than that of the healthy group, and the NEFA pole was significantly higher than that of the health group. Group (P0.01), BHBA significantly higher than the healthy group (P0.05), subclinical hypocalcemia group GLU concentration was significantly lower than the healthy group (P0.05), subclinical hypocalcemia group Ca, P, Mg content was significantly lower than the healthy group (P0.01). The milk index of Central Asian clinical hypocalcemia group milk fat rate, milk protein rate, dry matter were significantly higher than the healthy group (P0.05); fecal indicators in Central Asia clinical low The acid washing fiber in the blood calcium group was significantly lower than that of the healthy group (P0.05). The content of magnesium ion in the clinical hypocalcemia group of Central Asia was significantly lower than that of the healthy group (P0.05), and the urine protein content was significantly higher than that of the healthy group (P0.05). Test three, the study on the characteristics of energy loss and fecal discharge of subclinical hypocalcemia dairy cows. This test was in a large scale in Heilongjiang province. Intensive dairy farm, according to its blood calcium concentration and clinical manifestation, selected 12 Holstein cows as experimental animals, each of which was subclinical hypocalcemia and health group, each was subclinical hypocalcemia group and health group. Each cow was fed separately for 4 days, through blood biochemical analysis, lactating performance, feces, urine emissions and through simple and simple passage. The results showed that the concentration of Ca, P, Mg in the serum of subclinical hypocalcemia cow was significantly lower than that of the healthy group (P0.01), the concentration of blood glucose was significantly lower than that of the healthy group (P0.05), and the concentration of BHBA was significantly higher than that of the healthy group (P0.05), and the concentration of NEFA was significantly higher than that of the healthy dairy cow (P0.01). The milk production of subclinical hypocalcemia cows was significantly higher than that of the healthy group (P0.01), and the 4% energy correction milk (ECM) was significantly higher than that of the healthy dairy cow (P0.01), and the excretion was significantly higher than that of the healthy group (P0.05); the difference of dry matter digestibility was not significant but increased. The emission of NH3 and CO2 in the cow dung and urine of the subclinical hypocalcemia group was reduced, but the emission of CH4 was reduced. No difference. Conclusion: the lactating performance and reproductive performance of cows with hypocalcemia were reduced, and secondary mastitis and uterine infection were more likely to be secondary to cattle farm. The amount of NH3 and CO2 emissions from subclinical hypocalcemia cow dung is lower than that of healthy cattle. However, it is still necessary to further study whether the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is related to the increase of intestinal absorption and absorption of the intestine to promote the utilization of feed energy absorption.
【学位授予单位】：黑龙江八一农垦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S858.23

【参考文献】