病死畜禽尸体堆制处理技术与土地适宜载畜量参数研究

发布时间：2018-06-13 09:12

本文选题：堆肥 + 病死畜禽　；参考：《山东农业大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着我国生活水平的提高,人们对肉蛋奶的需求越来越大,规模化养殖场数量不断增加,以此带来的粪便、污水、病死畜禽污越来越多,已经成为我国环境污染的主要污染源之一,我国传统的粪污、病死畜禽处理方式投资大、成本高、容易传播疾病。本研究围绕规模化畜禽养殖场废弃物处理的问题,研究以稻壳和锯末组成的垫料高温腐熟堆制无害化处理病死畜禽,并以山东省为例估算不同种植模式下土地适宜载畜量,为规模化畜禽养殖场废弃物处理与资源化利用提供理论依据。试验一研究了垫料基质变化规律。选取新使用、已使用7个月和已使用10个月垫料池,取表层及30cm、60cm和90cm处的垫料分析,结果表明,水分由上层至下层显著升高(P0.05),新使用垫料pH较低,使用后垫料的pH值显著升高(P0.05),处理过程中C/N显著降低(P0.05),使用后垫料有机质显著高于新使用垫料(P0.05)。试验二研究了垫料处理病死畜禽参数。于冬季、春季、夏季分别选取已使用0、7、10个月,已使用5、15个月,已使用8、18个月垫料池定量埋入病死猪,选取接种菌种的垫料池和未接种菌种的垫料池定量埋入病死鸡,记录垫料表层、30cm、60cm和室温温度变化,同时在埋入第1、3、7、14、21、28d采集埋入点垫料样品及测定畜禽尸体的降解率。结果表明,表层温度较低,30cm处温度最高,高温维持55℃以上可达3周左右;随发酵时间延长垫料水分显著降低(P0.05),pH显著升高(P0.05),C/N显著降低(P0.05),有机质含量无显著变化(P0.05);病死畜禽尸体大约3~4周被完全分解;接种菌种与不接种菌种两组之间无显著差异(P0.05),但接种菌种组分解病死鸡尸体更彻底。试验三研究了处理过程对有害微生物的杀灭作用。以大肠杆菌为指示微生物,于冬季、春季分别选取已使用0、7、10个月,已使用5、15个月垫料的表层、30cm、60cm、90cm进行采样和测定,结果表明,只有在部分垫料表层检测到大肠杆菌阳性,垫料产生的高温能有效地杀灭病原微生物,实现病死畜禽的无害化处理。试验四研究了垫料可利用时间。选取新使用的垫料池,自垫料启用开始,分别于使用前及使用的第1、3、5、7、9、11个月的月末取表层及30cm、60cm和90cm处样品进行分析测定,结果表明,在第7个月,p H开始显著升高(P0.05),垫料C/N开始显著降低(P0.05),有机质无显著变化,结果提示,垫料微生物活动在第7个月因缺少碳源开始下降,不能有效地分解有机质,因此垫料可利用时间大约为7个月。试验五研究了不同种植模式下最适土地载畜量。根据农牧生态平衡和农田生态系统养分循环利用原则,分析了粮食种植、果树种植和蔬菜种植三种土地利用模式下作物氮、磷养分的需要量和畜禽生产废弃物中氮磷养分含量,根据耕地养分平衡原理,建立了耕地养分平衡模型,确定了不同种植模式下单位面积土地消纳畜禽粪污的能力和载畜量,提出了土地不同种植模式下单位养殖规模需匹配的农田面积。结果表明,蔬菜种植模式土地载畜量最高,大棚种植模式下平均为4.5猪单位/ha,露地种植模式下平均为3.8猪单位/ha;果树种植(苹果)载畜量最低,为1.2猪单位/ha;冬小麦-夏玉米模式下,不考虑秸秆还田,载畜量可达3.9猪单位/ha,如果考虑秸秆还田,则载畜量相应降低。以循环利用方式消纳1000头能繁母猪规模的自繁自养猪场所产生的废弃物,蔬菜种植模式下所需匹配土地面积最少(西红柿-黄瓜轮作的大棚种植模式需要188.7 ha),苹果种植所需的匹配土地面积最多,需要匹配833.3 ha;不考虑秸秆还田,小麦-玉米轮作种植模式下,需要匹配的种植土地为256.4 ha。综上所述,利用垫料高温腐熟堆制可以实现病死畜禽的无害化处理;根据“养殖-种植”循环利用模式确定了耕地载畜量参数为1.2~4.5猪单位/ha,该参数为畜禽养殖区域规划、养殖场废弃物处理与利用和土地养分管理提供了依据。
[Abstract]:With the improvement of the living standard of our country, the demand for meat and egg milk is increasing, and the number of large-scale breeding farms is increasing, which brings more and more feces, sewage and dead livestock and poultry. It has become one of the main pollution sources in our country. The traditional fecal pollution in our country is high in investment, high in cost and easy to pass on. This study focuses on the problem of waste disposal in large-scale livestock farms, and studies the harmless treatment of sick and dead livestock and poultry with high temperature decomposing padding of rice husk and sawdust, and takes Shandong as an example to estimate the appropriate land carrying capacity of land under different planting patterns, and provides a rational use of waste disposal and resource utilization in large-scale livestock and poultry farms. On the basis of the experiment, the change law of mat material matrix was studied. A new use was selected for 7 months and 10 months in the cushion pool. The surface and 30cm, 60cm and 90cm were analyzed. The results showed that the moisture from the upper to the lower (P0.05), the new used cushion pH was lower, the pH value of the cushion material increased significantly (P0.05) and the treatment process. C/N was significantly lower (P0.05), and the organic matter in the post mats was significantly higher than that of the new use pad (P0.05). Test two studied the parameters of the sick and dead livestock and poultry. In winter, spring, and summer, it was used for 0,7,10 months respectively, and had been used for 5,15 months. The fixed amount of 8,18 month cushion pool was buried in the dead pig, and the padding pool and not the inoculated fungus were selected. The fixed amount of the padding pool inoculated with the inoculation was buried in the dead chicken, recorded the surface layer of the cushion, 30cm, 60cm and the temperature of the room temperature. At the same time, it was buried in 1,3,7,14,21,28d to collect the embedded spot samples and determine the degradation rate of the livestock and poultry. The results showed that the surface temperature was low, the temperature of the 30cm was the highest, the high temperature was over 55 centigrade for up to 3 weeks, with the fermentation time. Water significantly decreased (P0.05), pH significantly increased (P0.05), C/N decreased significantly (P0.05), organic matter content was not significantly changed (P0.05); dead livestock and poultry bodies were completely decomposed for about 3~4 weeks; there was no significant difference between the two groups of inoculated and non inoculated strains (P0.05), but the inoculation group decomposed the dead chicken corpse more thoroughly. Experiment three studied The treatment process has been used for the killing of harmful microorganisms. Using Escherichia coli as a microorganism, 0,7,10 months have been used in winter and spring. The surface of 5,15 month mat, 30cm, 60cm, 90cm have been sampled and measured. The results show that the positive of Escherichia coli is detected only on the surface layer of the cushion, and the high temperature of the cushion can be effective. Kill the pathogenic microorganism and realize the harmless treatment of the sick and dead livestock and poultry. Experiment four studied the available time for the cushion material. Select the newly used cushion pool, start from the opening of the mat, and analyze the surface and the samples of 30cm, 60cm and 90cm at the end of the 1,3,5,7,9,11 month before use and the use, respectively. The result shows that, at seventh months, P H It began to increase significantly (P0.05), and the padding C/N began to decrease significantly (P0.05), and organic matter had no significant changes. The results suggested that the microbial activity of padding began to decline in seventh months because of the lack of carbon source, and the organic matter could not be effectively decomposed. Therefore, the available time for the cushion was about 7 months. The test five studied the optimum land carrying capacity under different planting patterns. According to the ecological balance of agriculture and animal husbandry and the principle of nutrient recycling in the farmland ecosystem, the nitrogen, phosphorus nutrient requirements and the nitrogen and phosphorus content in the livestock and poultry production waste under three land use modes of grain planting, fruit planting and vegetable planting were analyzed. The nutrient balance model of cultivated land was established according to the principle of nutrient balance of cultivated land, and the model of nutrient balance was established. Under the different planting patterns, the capacity and the carrying capacity of the livestock and poultry manure were eliminated by the unit area land, and the field area needed to match the scale of the unit culture under the different planting patterns was put forward. The results showed that the land carrying capacity was the highest in the vegetable planting mode, the average of 4.5 pigs per unit /ha in the greenhouse mode, and the average of 3.8 pig units under the cropping pattern in the open field. /ha, fruit tree planting (Apple) has the lowest stocking capacity of 1.2 pig unit /ha; under winter wheat and summer corn model, without straw returning to the field, the stocking capacity can reach 3.9 pig unit /ha. If the straw is returned to the field, the carrying capacity of the animal is reduced accordingly. The waste of vegetables produced by the self breeding and self breeding site of 1000 complex sows is eliminated by the way of recycling. The pattern needs the least land area (the tomato cucumber rotation planting model needs 188.7 HA), the apple planting needs the most matching land area and the need to match 833.3 ha; the straw returning is not considered, the wheat corn rotation planting mode, the matching planting land is 256.4 ha., using the cushion high temperature decayed. The harmless disposal of the sick and dead livestock and poultry can be realized by the heap system. According to the "culture and planting" recycling mode, the parameters of the cultivated land carrying capacity of the cultivated land are 1.2~4.5 /ha, which is the regional planning of livestock and poultry breeding, and the disposal and utilization of the farm waste and the management of the land nutrient are provided.
【学位授予单位】：山东农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S851.23

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