猪场生物发酵床垫料卫生评价

发布时间：2018-11-27 08:55

【摘要】：我国发酵床养殖技术日渐推广,每年有大量垫料出栏。研究垫料成分累积动态及生物安全,为垫料的合理资源化利用提供依据,对进一步指导猪场垫料利用具有重要的现实意义。本论文主要研究了育肥猪舍发酵床垫料在使用过程中的营养成分变化和重金属富集以及在土壤和植物中残留的影响。通过5点取样法,采集使用6个月、9个月、12个月、15月、18个月,从上往下0-10cm.30-40cm.60-70cm深度的发酵床垫料,测定水分、总氮、总磷、钾、钙、铁、重金属元素(Cu、Mn、Zn)的含量,研究不同使用时间、不同深度的垫料内有机物质和金属富集规律；通过对发酵床垫料腐熟度分析研究,用来评价发酵床垫料对植物的毒性；利用小白菜种植试验,将垫料与土壤以不同比例混合,研究垫料中Cu、Mn、Zn等重金属元素对土壤和植物中残留的影响。主要研究结果如下：1.垫料中的各种组分变化水分：垫料中初水分和总水分含量随着使用时间的延长逐渐降低,使用18个月后,总水分含量降至33%左右,吸附水逐渐上升；不同深度垫料的含水率之间差异不明显。营养成分：随着垫料使用时间的延长,发酵床垫料中总N的含量变化不明显,其含量变化范围为993g/kg-11.32g/kg,经显著性差异分析,无显著性变化(P0.05)；发酵床垫料中总P、总K、以及Ca和Fe的含量均出现增加的趋势,且有显著性差异(P0.05),垫料中总P、总K、Ca和Fe含量变化分别范围在10.10g/kg-32.03 g/kg、17.60 g/kg-44.17 g/kg.856.48 mg/kg-1407.23 mg/kg和226.14 mg/kg-720.70mg/kg,其含量呈倍数上升。重金属：通过对垫料中重金属元素Cu、Zn、Mn含量的测定,结果显示Cu、Zn、Mn的含量范围分别为196.74 mg/kg-648.82 mg/kg.1396.95 mg/kg-1937.80 mg/kg.238.87 mg/kg-812.89 mg/kg。垫料使用时间对垫料中Cu、Zn、Mn含量有显著影响(P0.05),不同深度之间垫料中Cu、Zn、Mn的含量没有显著性差异(P0.05)。垫料使用时间越长垫料中Cu、Zn、Mn含量越高,使用时间超过6个月的垫料中Cu、Zn元素含量已经超过了国家畜禽粪便还田技术规范中的限量。2.发酵床垫料对植物的毒性随着垫料使用时间的延长,垫料的GI值呈现总体上升趋势。其中使用18个月的垫料的GI值超过60%,垫料使用12个月以后,各层的GI值均达到50%以上,垫料基本腐熟,对植物的毒性达到植物能够耐受的水平。3.垫料添加对小白菜生长和土壤环境的影响以小白菜为供试作物,设计了不同垫料添加比例处理的盆栽试验,研究添加垫料对小白菜的产量和品质以及土壤安全的影响,探讨垫料的科学施用量。试验结果表明,垫料添加量低于30%时,添加垫料能显著提高小白菜的产量和粗蛋白的含量。当添加量为30%时,小白菜的产量和粗蛋白含量达到最高。若过量施用垫料,小白菜产量降低,粗蛋白的含量没有显著增加。随着垫料添加比例的增加,小白菜中的Cu、Zn含量呈现上升趋势,说明施用猪场垫料能够促进小白菜对Cu和Zn的吸收。同时,垫料添加比例的的增加能显著增加土壤中Cu、Zn和TN、TP和TK的含量。混合土壤中重金属含量随着土壤中添加垫料的比例增加而增高。本试验监测猪场发酵床垫料在使用12个月以后达到腐熟,对植物的毒性达到植物种子的耐受水平。但是,随着使用时间的延长,垫料中重金属元素逐渐富集,使用时间超过6个月以上的,不能直接作为有机肥施用于农田。因此,在使用发酵床垫料养殖技术养猪时,要合理地控制垫料使用年限；处理垫料时,为了提高农产品的产量和品质,同时减少土壤安全风险,应评估其重金属含量对环境潜在的危害,合理控制垫料的施用量。建议实际生产中测量土壤和有机肥料的特性,实现有机肥的配方施肥,以保证农作物与生态安全。
[Abstract]:The culture technology of the fermentation bed in China is becoming more and more popular, and a large amount of padding is available every year. It is of great practical significance to study the cumulative dynamic and biological safety of the dunnage components and provide the basis for the rational resource utilization of the padding. This paper mainly studies the change of nutrient components and heavy metal enrichment and the effect of heavy metal enrichment in the use process of the fattening pig house fermentation mattress. The contents of water, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, potassium, calcium, iron and heavy metal elements (Cu, Mn, Zn) were measured by 5-point sampling method, and the contents of water, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, potassium, calcium, iron and heavy metal elements (Cu, Mn, Zn) were measured, and the different use time was studied. The method is used for evaluating the toxicity of the fermentation bed mattress material to the plant through the analysis and research on the decomposition degree of the fermentation bed mattress, The effect of heavy metal elements, such as Zn, on the residue of soil and plants. The main results are as follows: 1. The change of moisture content of the various components in the padding: the initial moisture content and the total moisture content in the padding gradually decrease with the use time, and after 18 months, the total water content is reduced to about 33%, and the adsorption water is gradually increased; and the difference between the water content of the different depth padding is not obvious. The content of total N in the fermentation bed was 993g/ kg-11.32g/ kg, and there was no significant difference (P0.05). The contents of Ca and Fe increased, and there was a significant difference (P0.05). The contents of total P, total K, Ca and Fe in the padding were in the range of 10. 10 g/ kg to 32. 03 g/ kg, 17. 60 g/ kg to 44. 17 g/ kg. The content of Cu, Zn, and Mn in the padding was 196. 74 mg/ kg-648. 82 mg/ kg. 1396. 95 mg/ kg-1937. 80 mg/ kg. 238. 87 mg/ kg-812.89 mg/ kg, respectively. The use time of the padding had a significant effect on the content of Cu, Zn, and Mn in the padding (P0.05). There was no significant difference in the content of Cu, Zn, and Mn between different depths (P0.05). The higher the use time of the padding, the higher the content of Cu, Zn, and Mn in the padding, the content of Cu and Zn in the padding with the time of over 6 months has exceeded the limit of the technical specifications of the national livestock and poultry manure. The toxicity of the fermentation mattress to the plant increases with the time of the use of the padding, and the GI value of the padding exhibits a generally upward trend. in which the GI value of the padding used for 18 months is more than 60%, and after the use of the padding for 12 months, the GI value of each layer is more than 50%, the padding is basically decomposed, and the toxicity to the plant reaches the level that the plant can resist. The effects of the addition of padding on the yield and quality of the Chinese cabbage and the soil safety were studied. The test results show that the addition of padding can significantly improve the yield of the Chinese cabbage and the content of the crude protein when the addition amount of the padding is less than 30%. When the addition amount is 30%, the yield of the Chinese cabbage and the crude protein content are the highest. In the case of excessive application of padding, the yield of the Chinese cabbage is reduced, and the content of the crude protein is not significantly increased. With the increase of the addition of the padding, the content of Cu and Zn in the Chinese cabbage shows a rising trend, which shows that the application of the padding of the pig farm can promote the absorption of Cu and Zn in the Chinese cabbage. At the same time, the increase of the addition of the padding can significantly increase the content of Cu, Zn and TN, TP and TK in the soil. The heavy metal content in the mixed soil increases with the addition of the padding in the soil. The test monitoring pig farm fermentation bed-bed material is decomposed after being used for 12 months, and the toxicity of the plant reaches the tolerance level of the plant seeds. However, as the time of use is prolonged, the heavy metal elements in the padding are gradually enriched, and the use time is over 6 months, and the organic fertilizer can not be applied to the farmland directly as the organic fertilizer. Therefore, when a fermentation bed is used for raising pigs, the service life of the padding is reasonably controlled; when the padding is processed, in order to improve the yield and the quality of the agricultural products, the safety risk of the soil is reduced, and the potential harm of the heavy metal content to the environment should be assessed, and the application rate of the padding is reasonably controlled. It is suggested that the characteristics of soil and organic fertilizer should be measured in the actual production, and the formula of organic fertilizer can be applied to ensure the safety of the crops and the ecological environment.
【学位授予单位】：湖南农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S828

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