我国六城市四、五年级小学生营养素养及饮食行为的现况研究

发布时间：2018-03-14 12:13

本文选题：饮食行为　切入点：城市　出处：《中国疾病预防控制中心》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：研究背景儿童时期是生长发育的关键时期,在这个时期其营养需要甚至高于成年人,充足的营养是他们智力和体格正常发育,乃至一生健康的物质基础。同时,儿童时期也是饮食行为和生活方式形成的关键时期,这个时期形成的良好的饮食习惯和生活方式会使他们终生受益。因此,需要加强儿童的饮食健康教育,促进其养成良好的饮食行为和生活方式。研究目的研究北京、广州、南京、重庆、济南、哈尔滨6个城市四～五年级小学生的营养知识水平、态度,了解其相关营养教育的需求、食物摄入频次及饮食行为,为相关部门制定学生营养改善政策和计划提供科学依据。研究方法本研究采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样,首先从北京、广州、南京、重庆、济南、哈尔滨6个城市中分别随机抽取两个中心城区和两个近郊城区,再从每个城区中随机选取3所小学,然后从选中的每所学校的四～五年级中分别随机选择2个班,所选取班级中的所有学生作为调查对象参加调查。通过问卷调查的方法,收集四~五年级学生的营养相关知识、态度、食物摄入、早餐、零食、中式快餐、西式快餐、饮料等饮食行为现况。包括《学生膳食摄入调查问卷》和《学生营养知识、态度、行为调查问卷》,统一采用自填的方式填写。研究结果本次调查共发放问卷12220份,问卷回收率为100%,剔除不合格问卷后,有效问卷为12197,问卷有效率为99.8%。六城市小学四、五年级学生对营养知识的知晓率一般,对于谷物、含蛋白质食物、含钙食物有超过60%的儿童有了解,而对于含铁食物的了解只有不到一半的人数。对营养知识的需求比例很高,从想要获得营养知识的途径来看,除了希望从家庭、课本及校园的宣传来获得知识,还希望从网络、同学朋友处获得知识的比例也大大增长。并且无论是对营养知识的兴趣,还是对饮食、早餐和营养知识对健康重要性的认可,甚至是愿意为健康改变饮食行为的态度,接受的比例都高达90%以上。在食物摄入频次方面,肉类、蛋类摄入频次较为平均但仍有12%和13%的比例几乎不吃,鱼虾类、豆类、菌藻类摄入频次普遍较低,奶类、新鲜蔬菜水果类摄入频次已达较高水平,并且奶类几乎每天都喝者超过50%,营养补充剂摄入虽不普遍但也有增加的趋势。本次调查对象中仍有1.3%的比例不吃早餐,每周仅吃1-2次早餐的比例为3.2%,几乎每天都吃比例为88.5%,有31.8%的儿童早餐营养质量较差,蛋白质和蔬菜水果的摄入的比例都较低未达到50%,奶类摄入的比例也还不足70%。六城市中家里是消费零食的主要场所,消费比例高达96.4%,在家、在学校最常吃的零食前三为水果蔬菜、奶类、谷类,而在其他地方则为谷类、糖果和饮料,首选零食的原因都是好吃。每周食用中式快餐次数超过5次的比例大约为10.3%,食用西式快餐超过5次的比例为4.5%,每周1-2次的人数比例最多分别为36.9%和41.4%。消费快餐的原因首先都是好吃,并且对快餐认识不足,意识到中式快餐和西式快餐食物搭配不合理比例仅为1.9%和2.7%,中式快餐和西式快餐营养价值不合理的比例为5.2%和15.3%,中式快餐和西式快餐热能含量不合理8.5%和6.4%。六城市小学四、五年级学生在家中消费饮料的比例高达92.5%,其次是在其他地方为70.7%,学校最低为51.4%,女生消费饮料的比例都高于男生,五年级学生消费比例高于四年级学生。纯牛奶饮用的人数比例最高,但在选择碳酸饮料方面男生的比例要远高于女生,并且在家、在学校和在其他地方在最常饮用饮料中碳酸饮料的排名依次上升。选择饮料的首选原因是好喝本次研究可以看出综合饮食行为良好的比例占大多数为88.5%,饮食行为健康的占6.0%,仍有5.5%的综合饮食行为较差。结论六城市小学四、五年级学生对营养知识的知晓率一般,对营养知识的需求比例很高,营养相关的态度良好,愿意改变不良饮食习惯的比例很高。食物摄入频次中除奶类和新鲜蔬菜水果每周摄入频次较高,其余摄入频次一般。仍有小部分儿童不吃早餐,并且早餐中蛋白质和蔬菜水果的摄入较少,早餐营养质量差所占比较较高。零食和饮料消费普遍,且好吃和好喝都是首选原因。对快餐的认识普遍存在不足,有少部分儿童甚至每周食用快餐超过5次。综合饮食行为良好者占大多数,但综合饮食行为较差者依然存在,仍需进一步加强健康和饮食行为的宣传教育。
[Abstract]:The research background of childhood is the critical period of growth and development in this period, the nutritional needs of even higher than that of adults, adequate nutrition is their mental and physical health and normal development, the material basis of life. At the same time, childhood is a critical period of the formation of dietary behavior and lifestyle, the period of the formation of good eating habits and life the way will benefit them all through their life. Therefore, we need to strengthen the health education of diet of children, promote their eating behavior and life style. Good to study in Beijing, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Chongqing, Ji'nan, nutrition knowledge and 6 Harbin City four to the fifth grade pupils' attitude, understand the relevant nutrition education needs the frequency of food intake, and dietary behaviors, making students nutrition improvement policies and plans to provide a scientific basis for the relevant departments. This research adopts the method of multi A stratified random cluster sampling, the first from Beijing, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Chongqing, Ji'nan, Harbin 6 city were randomly selected in two urban centres and two suburban districts, each district from 3 randomly selected primary school, and then from each school selected from four to 2 were randomly selected in the fifth grade the selected classes, all students in the class as the subjects participated in the study. Through the questionnaire survey method, from four to the fifth grade students' nutrition knowledge, attitude, food intake, breakfast, snacks, Chinese fast food, western fast food, beverage and other current dietary behaviors. Students' dietary intake questionnaire including < > and < students' nutrition knowledge, attitude, behavior questionnaire "was used, unified way to fill. The results of this survey a total of 12220 questionnaires, the questionnaire recovery rate was 100%, after excluding unqualified questionnaires, 12197 valid questionnaires, the questionnaire Efficiency of 99.8%. six city primary school four, the fifth grade students of nutrition knowledge, for cereals, protein foods, calcium rich foods are more than 60% children have to understand, and to understand the iron containing foods less than half the number of people. The high demand for nutritional knowledge proportion, access to nutrition knowledge from the point of view in addition to want, hope from the family, textbooks and campus publicity to acquire knowledge, also hope from the network, students acquire knowledge of the proportion of friends has greatly increased. And both of the nutrition knowledge, interest, or food and beverage, recognized breakfast and nutrition knowledge on the importance of health, health and even willing to change eating behavior attitude, accept the proportion as high as 90%. The frequency of food intake in meat, eggs, the average frequency of intake is still 12% and 13% of the proportion of almost do not eat fish, beans, bacteria The frequency of intake of algae is generally low, milk, fresh vegetables and fruit intake frequency has reached a high level, and the milk drink almost every day more than 50%, though not universal but the intake of nutritional supplements are also increasing. The object of this investigation is still in the proportion of 1.3% do not eat breakfast, eat breakfast 1-2 times a week only. The proportion of 3.2%, almost every day to eat breakfast have a ratio of 88.5%, 31.8% of the children in poor nutritional quality, the proportion of the protein intake of fruit and vegetables are low does not reach 50%, the proportion of milk intake is below six 70%. in the home city is the main place for food consumption zero, consumption proportion is as high as 96.4%, in home, most often eat snacks in school before three for fruits and vegetables, milk, Cereals, and other places for cereals, sweets and drinks, snacks are preferred because delicious. Edible Chinese fast food per week more than 5 times the proportion is about 10.3%, Eat Western fast food more than 5 times the proportion is 4.5%, the weekly number of 1-2 times the largest proportion respectively 36.9% and 41.4%. are the first fast-food consumption of fast food delicious, and lack of knowledge, to realize Chinese fast food and Western fast food collocation unreasonable proportion was only 1.9% and 2.7%, Chinese fast food and Western fast food nutritional value the reasonable ratio of 5.2% and 15.3%, Chinese fast food and Western fast food energy content is not reasonable and 8.5% 6.4%. six city primary school four, the fifth grade students drink at home in the proportion is as high as 92.5%, followed by 70.7% schools in other places, the lowest is 51.4%, the proportion of female consumer drinks are higher than that of boys, the fifth grade students the consumption ratio is higher than the fourth grade students. The highest proportion of the number of pure milk drinking carbonated drinks, but in the choice of terms is far higher than the proportion of boys and girls, at home, at school and in other places in the Most often drinking carbonated drinks in the ranking rose. Preferred beverage is good reason for choosing this study can be seen comprehensive good eating behavior accounted for most of 88.5%, healthy eating behavior accounted for 6%, comprehensive dietary behavior is still 5.5% poor. Conclusion the six city primary school four, the fifth grade students awareness of nutrition the general knowledge rate, high demand for nutritional knowledge, attitudes related to good nutrition, willing to change bad eating habits in a high proportion. The frequency of food intake in addition to milk and fresh fruits and vegetables in the weekly intake of high frequency, the frequency of intake in general. There is still a small part of children do not eat breakfast, and fruit and vegetable protein breakfast in the breakfast intake less, poor nutritional quality for relatively high. Snacks and drinks consumption generally, and eat and drink are preferred. Knowledge of food generally kept in A small number of children even eat more than 5 times a week. Most of them have good comprehensive dietary behaviors. However, those who have poor comprehensive dietary behaviors still exist, and health education and dietary behaviors need further strengthening.

【学位授予单位】：中国疾病预防控制中心
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：R153.2

【参考文献】