神经科学证据在司法实践中的运用

发布时间：2018-03-19 23:25

本文选题：神经科学证据　切入点：功能磁共振成像　出处：《中国科学技术大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：科技的发展总是会给法律带来一些新的机遇与挑战,而20世纪90年代神经科学的突破性发展给法律带来的不仅仅是需要规制的部分,还给法律提供了一个新的视角来研究人的行为与社会之间的关系。从而,一门新的学科诞生了,这就是神经法学(Neurolaw).这一门交叉学科的内涵与外延极其广泛,但实际运用最广的是基于神经科学技术获得的证据(神经科学证据)在庭上的使用问题。本文通过案例研究分析,探讨了神经科学技术在法律实践中的运用——总结现有的成就外,也总结了该技术的不足,希望在将来神经科学技术可以为人们提供更客观的测量工具,可以为传统法学提供理论支持和技术帮助。也希望从法律角度建立更加完善的程序设计,以保证神经科学证据合理正确的使用。本文中介绍的一项重要的神经科学技术——]EMRI功能磁共振成像技术是神经科学证据的核心,该技术对于人类大脑功能的窥探打开了人类思想和行为的黑箱。以证据学为中心,对测谎；记忆还原；吸毒、青少年以及精神病者犯罪的鉴定等等都可以提供检测数据,这种科学证据在法庭上的运用已经存在,但是法律还没有跟上技术发展的步伐。如何正确的利用科技,制定合适的规制条款,首先要认清fMRI功能磁共振成像技术的不足和不适合运用于法律的部分,本文通过对fMRI技术在美国的使用情况,以及该技术本身的理论出发,总结了该技术应用在法律诉讼实践中,可能面临的法律障碍和社会道德困境：1)法律应用fMRI技术可能侵犯宪法和人权(诸如非法搜查、保持沉默的权利、思想自由、隐私权、人格尊严,及对权利个人数据完整性的保护)；2)科学技术会带来不公平的偏见,对技术的依赖会影响陪审团和法官的职能,侵犯当事双方追求公平审判的权利；3)在法律领域广泛使用fMRI技术的可操作性和社会可接受性。科技手段是帮助人类判断,并且简化程序的存在,但是,技术并不能代替人类判断。法律流传千年的体系并非是一个刚独立不到30年的学科可以打破的,如何利用神经科技更有效的为法律服务才是学界之后应该研究的重点。而对于自由意志(free will)等法律成立的基础,神经科学的质疑过于片面和苍白。神经科学目前应该做的是提供有用的信息,帮助人们做出决定,并且努力发展和提高其抗干扰性和准确性,以及如何简化使用程序并提高其公正性。只有这样,未来神经科学技术和法律的结合才能更加紧密,自成体系。
[Abstract]:The development of science and technology will always bring some new opportunities and challenges to the law. It also provides a new perspective on the relationship between human behavior and society. Thus, a new discipline was born, which is Neurolaw.There is a broad range of connotations and denotations of this interdisciplinary discipline. However, the most widely used in practice is the use of evidence (neuroscience evidence) obtained from neuroscience and technology in court. This paper discusses the application of neuroscience technology in legal practice-in addition to summarizing the existing achievements, but also summarizes the shortcomings of this technology, hoping that in the future, neuroscience technology can provide more objective measuring tools for people. It can provide theoretical and technical support for the traditional jurisprudence and also hope to establish a more perfect program design from the legal point of view in order to ensure the rational and correct use of neuroscientific evidence. An important neuroscience and technology introduced in this paper is EMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which is the core of neuroscience evidence. It opens the black box of human thought and behavior by exploring the function of human brain. Lie detection, memory reduction, drug use, identification of juvenile and psychiatric crimes, and so on can all provide test data, and this scientific evidence already exists in court. However, the law has not kept up with the pace of technological development. How to make the right use of science and technology to formulate appropriate regulatory provisions, first of all, we should recognize the shortcomings of fMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging technology and the unsuitable part of the law. Based on the application of fMRI technology in the United States and the theory of the technology itself, this paper summarizes the application of this technology in the practice of legal proceedings. Possible legal obstacles and social moral dilemmas: 1) legal application of fMRI technology may violate constitutions and human rights (such as illegal searches, the right to remain silent, freedom of thought, privacy, human dignity, etc.). And the protection of the integrity of personal data on rights. 2) Science and technology can lead to unfair biases, and reliance on technology can affect the functions of juries and judges. Violation of the parties' right to a fair trial) the operability and social acceptability of the widespread use of fMRI technology in the legal field. Technology helps human judgment and simplifies the existence of procedures, but technology is no substitute for human judgment. The system of millennia of law cannot be broken by a discipline that has been independent for less than 30 years. How to make use of neuroscience and technology to serve the law more effectively is the key point that should be studied in the academic field after that. And for the foundation of the establishment of laws such as free will, Neuroscience questions are too one-sided and pale. What neuroscience should do now is to provide useful information to help people make decisions and to strive to develop and improve their anti-jamming and accuracy. And how to simplify the use of procedures and improve its fairness. Only in this way, the future of neural science and technology and law can be more closely, self-made system.
【学位授予单位】：中国科学技术大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D915.13;R445.2

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