人体上颈椎建模及汽车高速撞击下颈部损伤研究

发布时间：2018-04-20 19:42

本文选题：颈部损伤 + 有限元模型　；参考：《太原理工大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着我国高速公路的飞速发展，汽车在高速公路的碰撞事故愈发频繁，在道路交通事故中所占的比例逐年升高，而这类事故往往因为其巨大的冲击力给乘员造成了非常严重的伤痛。由于交通事故而导致的人体头部、胸部和颈部损伤是造成死亡的主要因素。其中，颈部损伤是各种交通事故中普遍见到的损伤类型。颈部损伤不但具有致命性，而且通常会导致伤者伴有长期的后遗症。对于这种由汽车碰撞引起的颈部损伤，已有一些专家对其进行低速撞击工况（通常小于等于15km/h）下的研究，得到了一些有用的结论，然而对于汽车在高速撞击下的颈部损伤却很少涉及。一方面因为颈椎复杂的解剖结构和生理特性，导致其低速撞击工况下损伤机理仍然难以确定：另一方面，颈椎在高速撞击工况下会涉及到破坏失效的问题，很难进行实验验证。因此，有必要对颈部在高速撞击下的损伤进行初步的探究。目前专家们使用了各种试验和数学仿真方法进行了颈部损伤机理研究，但是试验方法的材料昂贵且难于获取，还受到伦理道德的限制，机械模型和多刚体模型的生物仿真度较差，而随着有限元技术的发展，有限元模型不但能够反映人体颈椎详细的解剖结构，而且可以模拟颈椎在不同加载条件下的生物力学响应，采用有限元分析方法，是目前比较普遍和成本最低的方法，能够有效的对车辆碰撞事故中的颈部损伤机理进行分析和预测。本文采用医院提供的正常国人50百分位颈部CT扫描数据，建立了一个具有高生物逼真度的人体上颈部有限元模型，通过对其进行高速（30km/h、60km/h、90km/h、120km/h）撞击下的模拟研究，分析了高速碰撞下上颈椎的冲击动力响应。该模型由皮质骨、松质骨、小关节、韧带、椎间盘等组织构成，并依据各部位生理特性及相关参考文献，给各部位赋予了不同的材料属性。通过两个经典的实体试验验证了本模型的有效性。运用建立的有限元模型对高速碰撞工况下的颈部损伤进行了研究，，通过不同速度条件下的前、后碰撞仿真模拟，分别获取椎骨、椎间盘、横韧带和小关节的力的曲线。通过对曲线和应力云图分析并结合解剖学对前、后碰撞工况下产生的颈部损伤部位以及可能的损伤机理进行了分析和预测。分析结果初步揭示了高速前、后碰撞工况下上颈椎各部位的损伤情况，为后续的高速碰撞研究提供了参考。通过研究表明，本文所建立的上颈椎模型具有较高的生物仿真度，且具有一定的可靠性，因此模型可用于交通事故中颈部损伤机理以及各部位损伤分析研究。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of expressway in our country, the collision accident of automobile in expressway becomes more and more frequent, and the proportion of road traffic accident increases year by year. Such accidents often cause serious injuries to the crew because of their tremendous impact. Head, chest and neck injuries caused by traffic accidents are the main causes of death. Among them, neck injury is a common injury type in various traffic accidents. Neck injuries are not only fatal, but often lead to long-term sequelae. Some experts have studied this kind of neck injury caused by automobile collision at low speed (usually less than 15 km / h) and got some useful conclusions. However, the neck injury caused by high speed impact is rarely involved. On the one hand, because of the complex anatomical structure and physiological characteristics of the cervical spine, it is still difficult to determine the damage mechanism under the low speed impact condition. On the other hand, the damage failure of the cervical spine under the high-speed impact condition will be related to the problem of failure, which is difficult to verify by experiments. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the neck injury at high speed impact. At present, experts have used a variety of experiments and mathematical simulation methods to study the mechanism of neck damage, but the materials of the test methods are expensive and difficult to obtain, and are also restricted by ethics. With the development of finite element technology, the finite element model can not only reflect the detailed anatomical structure of human cervical vertebra, And it can simulate the biomechanical response of cervical vertebrae under different loading conditions. Using finite element analysis method is the most popular and lowest cost method at present. It can effectively analyze and predict the mechanism of neck damage in vehicle collision accident. Based on the CT scan data of 50 percentile neck provided by the hospital, a high biofidelity finite element model of the upper neck of the human body was established, and the simulation study was carried out under the impact of a high speed of 30 km / a / h ~ (60 km / h) / 90 km / h / h ~ (-1) / s ~ (120 km / h). The impact dynamic response of the upper cervical vertebrae under high speed impact was analyzed. The model is composed of cortical bone, cancellous bone, facet joint, ligaments, intervertebral disc and so on. The validity of the model is verified by two classical solid experiments. By using the established finite element model, the neck injury under the condition of high speed impact was studied. The force curves of vertebrae, intervertebral disc, transverse ligament and facet joint were obtained by simulation of anterior and posterior impact under different velocity conditions. By analyzing the curves and stress clouds and combining with anatomy, this paper analyzes and predicts the position of neck injury and the possible damage mechanism under the condition of anterior and posterior impact. The results reveal the injury of the upper cervical vertebrae under the condition of high speed before and after impact, and provide a reference for the study of high speed impact. The results show that the model has high biosimulation and reliability. Therefore, the model can be used to analyze the mechanism of cervical injury in traffic accidents and the damage analysis of different parts.
【学位授予单位】：太原理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：U467.14;R653

【参考文献】