细菌群体感应蛋白QseC抑制剂Br-LED209抗菌作用机理的初步研究
发布时间:2018-03-31 05:08
本文选题:鼠伤寒沙门氏菌 切入点:群体感应系统 出处:《第四军医大学》2014年硕士论文
【摘要】:目的 耐药细菌感染是临床抗感染治疗中极为棘手的问题,也是造成重症感染死亡的首要原因,已成为各国政府高度关注的社会公共健康问题。目前,抗生素仍是临床治疗细菌感染性疾病的一线药物。然而,几乎所有抗生素在应用过程中都会不可避免地诱导细菌耐药。因此,新型抗生素的研制并不能从根本上解决细菌耐药问题,寻找和研制不诱导耐药的新型抗菌药物成为当今抗菌药物研发领域的最新热点,代表着未来新型抗菌药物研发的新方向。 群体感应系统(quorum sensing system, QSS)是广泛存在于细菌内的一种群体行为调控系统,其中QseC是广泛存在于革兰氏阴性细菌中的QSS,它参与调控多种致病毒力基因的表达,与革兰氏阴性菌毒力、侵袭力和致病性密切相关。业已证实,抑制细菌QseC可以显著抑制多种毒力因子的表达,降低细菌的致病性,但不影响细菌的生长,因而不会对细菌生长造成选择性压力,具有不易诱导细菌耐药的独特优点。因此,以QseC为靶点的不易诱导耐药的新型抗菌药物已成为研究的新趋势和新热点。然而,目前已知所有作用于QseC的抑制剂在体外均无抑菌或杀菌作用,仅在感染动物体内表现出抗菌作用。迄今为止,这一现象的内在规律和机制几乎完全不清楚。本研究旨在探讨QseC抑制剂体内抗菌作用可能的机理,为深入认识QseC抑制剂的体内抗菌规律提供重要的研究线索,为通过抑制细菌群体感应系统的抗菌策略探索新路径。 方法 1. QseC选择性抑制剂Br-LED209的合成与表征:以对乙酰胺基苯磺酰氯和对溴苯胺为起始反应物,分别通过酰化反应和去酰化反应脱保护得到4-氨基-N-(4-溴苯基)苯磺酰胺,最后与异硫氰酸苯酯硫脲化得到N-(4-溴苯基)-4-(3-苯基硫脲基)苯磺酰胺,即Br-LED209,产物经质谱(MS)、核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)和核磁共振碳谱(13C NMR)进行结构鉴定。 2. Br-LED209对体外培养细菌生长的影响:使用微量稀释法测定Br-LED209对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)、肠出血性大肠埃希菌(enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, EHEC)、福氏志贺菌(Shigella flexneri)的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。使用全自动生长曲线分析仪定时测定细菌培养液的吸光度(OD600),,观察Br-LED209在10μM、50μM和200μM浓度范围内对细菌生长的影响,以左氧氟沙星作为阳性对照药,绘制细菌生长曲线。 3. Br-LED209在鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染小鼠体内抗菌作用:BALB/c小鼠腹腔注射约1.0×108CFU鼠伤寒沙门氏菌,制备小鼠脓毒症模型。于感染前、感染后3小时分别灌胃给予Br-LED20920mg/kg,感染后24小时,脱颈处死小鼠,获取肝脏、脾脏、肺脏和肾脏进行匀浆,匀浆液10倍梯度稀释后均匀涂布于琼脂平板,计数感染小鼠肝脏、脾脏、肺脏和肾脏细菌CFU,评价Br-LED209对感染小鼠脏器荷菌量的影响。制备感染小鼠肝脏、脾脏病理切片,进行HE染色,评价Br-LED209对感染小鼠脏器的保护作用。 4. Br-LED209对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌毒力基因表达影响:鼠伤寒沙门氏菌在200μΜ Br-LED209作用下培养12小时后,吸取各组菌液1mL加入1.5mLEP管中,4°C,12000rpm离心2分钟收集菌体沉淀。按照天根试剂盒说明书操作提取细菌总RNA,反转录后采用荧光实时定量PCR检测Br-LED209对受QseC群体感应系统调控的下游重要致病毒力因子flhDC、sifA和sopB基因表达的影响,确证Br-LED209是否能阻断鼠伤寒沙门氏菌QseC群体感应系统。 5. Br-LED209抗菌作用机理的初步探讨:将鼠伤寒沙门氏菌穿刺接种于含0.3%琼脂粉的半固体LB培养基,37°C孵育16小时后,测量细菌生长扩散环直径,评价Br-LED209对其鞭毛动力的影响。用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染HeLa细胞,感染后1、6、12小时裂解细胞,裂解液梯度稀释后涂布琼脂平板计数细菌CFU,评价Br-LED209对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌上皮细胞侵袭力及细胞内增殖力的影响。用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染腹腔巨噬细胞,1小时后,收集培养上清,检测上清中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放量,并拍照记录感染后巨噬细胞形态,评价Br-LED209对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染诱导的巨噬细胞焦亡(pyroptosis)的影响;采用4’,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI)和碘化丙啶(PI)对感染巨噬细胞进行组合染色,荧光显微镜下观察PI阳性细胞数,计算PI阳性细胞百分率,评价Br-LED209对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染巨噬细胞焦亡率的影响。鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染巨噬细胞,1小时后提取上清蛋白,western blotting蛋白印迹法检测巨噬细胞caspase-1和IL-1β的表达水平,评价Br-LED209对感染后巨噬细胞炎性复合体功能的影响。鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染巨噬细胞12小时后,裂解细胞,裂解液梯度稀释后涂布琼脂平板计数细菌CFU,评价Br-LED209对巨噬细胞内鼠伤寒沙门氏菌存活率的影响。 结果 1.合成结构正确的QseC选择性抑制剂Br-LED209:合成的Br-LED209为淡黄色固体,熔点116~120°C,质谱测得其分子量为460.16,与理论值460.99基本相符,核磁共振氢谱和碳谱结果显示各归属与目标产物一致,纯度大于95%,表明合成产物与目标产物结构匹配无误,可以用于下一步研究。 2. Br-LED209不影响体外培养细菌的生长:MIC测定结果显示,Br-LED209在256μg/mL浓度时未显示出明显抑制鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、肠出血性大肠杆菌和福氏志贺菌的作用;细菌生长曲线的结果显示,Br-LED209在10~200μM浓度范围内对细菌生长无影响。上述结果确证,Br-LED209在体外无明显抑菌作用。 3. Br-LED209显著减少鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染小鼠脏器荷菌量:鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染BALB/c小鼠,于感染前、感染后3小时,分别灌胃给予Br-LED20920mg/kg,感染后24小时取肝脏、脾脏、肺脏和肾脏标本检测脏器内细菌数量。结果显示,空白对照组小鼠肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏内的细菌数量分别为6.03×107CFU、1.04×108CFU、1.02×106CFU和8.02×105CFU,感染小鼠经Br-LED209处理后,其肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏内的细菌数量分别减少至1.01×107CFU、2.06×107CFU、1.68×105CFU和1.33×105CFU,与对照组相比有显著差异(P0.001)。同时,Br-LED209处理后能减轻感染小鼠肝脏、脾脏的病理损伤。上述结果提示,Br-LED209处理能够降低细菌致病毒力,抑制细菌在感染小鼠体内的存活和增殖能力。我们推测Br-LED209上述作用可能与其降低细菌毒力,启动机体天然免疫抗菌应答效应相关。 4. Br-LED209抑制鼠伤寒沙门氏菌毒力基因的表达:阻断细菌QseC可能会影响受其调控的下游基因表达。我们采用荧光定量PCR检测受QseC调控的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌毒力基因的表达,结果显示Br-LED209在200μM浓度时能够显著抑制毒力基因flhDC、sifA和sopB的表达(P0.001)。 5. Br-LED209抑制鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的鞭毛动力、上皮细胞侵袭力和细胞内增殖力:鼠伤寒沙门氏菌是致病力极强的肠道致病菌,它通过鞭毛运动侵袭上皮细胞,突破上皮防御屏障入侵机体发挥致病作用。我们在上述研究中证实,Br-LED209能够抑制鞭毛蛋白相关基因flhDC、侵袭相关基因sopB,以及增殖相关基因sifA的表达。因此,我们进一步观察Br-LED209对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌鞭毛功能、上皮细胞侵袭能力和胞内增殖能力的影响。结果显示,Br-LED209能抑制鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的鞭毛动力,从而抑制该菌运动(P0.05);显著抑制鼠伤寒沙门氏菌对HeLa细胞的侵袭力,同时抑制细菌在HeLa细胞内的增殖(P0.001)。 6. Br-LED209抑制鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染诱导的巨噬细胞焦亡,促进巨噬细胞内细菌的清除:为了进一步探讨Br-LED209降低感染器官中的细菌数量的机理,我们采用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌与巨噬细胞共培养模型,进一步观察了巨噬细胞对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的免疫应答效应。结果显示,鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染的巨噬细胞,LDH的释放量显著增加,PI阳性细胞数目显著增加,表明受感染细胞的细胞膜结构受到损伤,细胞发生焦亡。Br-LED209处理后,受感染巨噬细胞LDH的释放显著减少(P0.001),PI染色阳性细胞的数量明显减少(P0.001),同时受感染细胞内的细菌数目显著减少(P0.001),提示巨噬细胞焦亡受到抑制,巨噬细胞对胞内感染细菌的清除力增强。 7. Br-LED209抑制鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染引起的巨噬细胞内caspase-1和IL-1β的活化:为了进一步探讨Br-LED209如何抑制鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染诱导的巨噬细胞焦亡,我们观察了感染后巨噬细胞内炎性复合体活化相关蛋白caspase-1和IL-1β的成熟过程。结果显示,受感染的巨噬细胞caspase-1和IL-1β释放显著增多,Br-LED209处理后,显著降低感染巨噬细胞caspase-1和IL-1β的释放(P0.001),提示Br-LED209抑制鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染引起的巨噬细胞炎性复合体激活,并可能通过抑制巨噬细胞焦亡的发生,恢复巨噬细胞对细菌的清除能力。 结论 1. Br-LED209通过阻断鼠伤寒沙门氏菌QseC群体感应系统,抑制flhDC、sifA和sopB等毒力基因表达,进而抑制细菌运动能力、上皮细胞侵袭能力和胞内增殖能力。 2. Br-LED209抑制鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染诱导的巨噬细胞焦亡,恢复巨噬细胞对细菌的清除功能,该作用可能继发于Br-LED209对胞内感染细菌flhDC、sifA和sopB等毒力基因表达的抑制作用。
[Abstract]:Purpose
Drug - resistant bacterial infection is a very difficult problem in clinical anti - infection treatment , and it is the first cause of serious infection death . At present , antibiotics are still a first - line drug for the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases . However , the development of new antibiotics can not fundamentally solve the problem of bacterial drug resistance . Therefore , the development of new antibiotics does not fundamentally solve the problem of bacterial resistance . Therefore , the development of new antibiotics has become the newest hot spot in the research and development of antibacterial drugs . It represents a new direction for the research and development of new antibacterial drugs .
Group sensing system ( QSS ) is a kind of group behavior regulating and controlling system which is widely existed in bacteria . QseC is widely present in Gram - negative bacteria , and it is involved in regulating the expression of various virulence genes . It has been proved that inhibiting bacteria QseC can significantly inhibit the expression of various virulence factors , reduce the pathogenicity of bacteria . So far , it is not easy to induce the bacteria resistance . So far , it is not easy to induce the bacteria resistance . So far , it is important to study the antibacterial law of QseC inhibitor in vivo .
method
1 . Synthesis and characterization of Br - LED209 selective inhibitor of QseC : 4 - amino - N - ( 4 - Bromophenyl ) benzenesulfonamide was obtained by acylation reaction and deacylation reaction with p - acetamidobenzene sulfonyl chloride and p - bromoaniline . Finally , N - ( 4 - Bromophenyl ) -4 - ( 3 - phenylthiourea ) benzenesulfonamide , i.e . Br - LED 209 , was obtained by thiourization of benzyl isothiocyanate . The structure was identified by mass spectrometry ( MS ) , nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen ( 1H NMR ) and nuclear magnetic resonance ( 13C NMR ) .
2 . Effects of Br - LED209 on bacterial growth in vitro : The minimal inhibitory concentration ( MIC ) of Br - LED 209 on Salmonella typhimurium , enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli , EHEC and Shigella flexbility was determined by microdilution method . The effect of Br - LED 209 on bacterial growth was determined by means of automatic growth curve analyzer .
3 . The antibacterial effects of Br - LED 209 in mice infected with Salmonella typhimurium were observed : BALB / c mice were injected intraperitoneally with about 1.0 脳 108 CFU of Salmonella typhimurium to prepare the mouse sepsis model . After infection , the mice were perfused with Br - LEDs at 20 mg / kg for 3 hours . After infection , the mice were sacrificed and the liver , spleen , lungs and kidney were homogenized . The results showed that the liver , spleen , lungs and kidney of infected mice were evenly coated on agar plates .
4 . The effect of Br - LED 209 on the virulence gene expression of Salmonella typhimurium was studied . After 12 hours of incubation of Salmonella typhimurium with 200 渭 - Br - LED 209 , 1 mL of each group was added to 1.5 mlep tube , and the cells were collected by centrifugation at 4 掳 C and 12000 rpm for 2 minutes . The effect of Br - LED 209 on the expression of downstream important virulence factors flhDC , sifa and sopB regulated by QseC group induction system was detected by fluorescence real - time quantitative PCR .
5 . The mechanism of antibacterial action of Br - LED 209 was discussed . The effect of Br - LED 209 on the invasion and proliferation of Salmonella typhimurium was evaluated by inoculating Salmonella typhimurium into semi - solid LB medium containing 0.3 % agar powder .
The effect of Br - LED 209 on the function of macrophage caspase - 1 and IL - 1尾 was evaluated by using 4 ' , 6 - diamidino - 2 - phenylindole ( DAPI ) and propidium iodide ( PI ) . The effect of Br - LED 209 on the function of macrophage inflammatory complex was evaluated by Western blotting Western blotting . The effect of Br - LED 209 on the survival rate of Salmonella typhimurium was evaluated .
Results
1 . The correct structure of QseC selective inhibitor Br - LED209 : The synthesized Br - LED 209 is a pale yellow solid with a melting point of 116 锝
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