医学营养治疗及低聚果糖干预对糖尿病患者血糖控制影响的研究
发布时间:2018-03-23 21:51
本文选题:医学营养治疗 切入点:糖尿病 出处:《第三军医大学》2013年硕士论文
【摘要】:糖尿病(diabetes mellitus, DM)是一种由多种病因引起的以慢性高血糖为主要特征的代谢性疾病。在世界范围内,DM的发病率逐年上升。由于近年来我国饮食习惯逐步由以谷物、蔬菜为主的“传统膳食模式”转变为以肉类、油脂为主的“西方膳食模式”,DM患病人数增长迅速,DM已经成为我国严重的公共健康问题。研究表明,膳食营养的不均衡是导致DM发病的重要原因,DM的医学营养治疗(medical nutritiontherapy,MNT)成为治疗和控制疾病的有效手段。国外关于MNT在防治DM及其并发症方面进行了大量的研究,发现MNT能显著改善患者的血糖血脂水平。在此基础上,美国糖尿病协会(American Diabetes Association,ADA)就DM的MNT做出了具体的规范,规定DM患者应该严格控制每日能量和营养素的摄入比例,增加膳食纤维(dietary fiber,DF)的摄入。由于我国居民膳食习惯、食物资源、饮食文化等与国外有较大差异,而DM患者普遍存在膳食纤维摄入量较低、能量摄入过量和膳食结构不合理的现象。因此,对我国DM患者开展MNT,通过帮助DM患者合理控制饮食来促进健康,具有重要的现实意义。 目的: 本课题研究旨在建立个体化的MNT方案和确定最佳的MNT监管方法;在MNT实施的基础上补充非膳食来源的DF,评估MNT和低聚果糖补充对糖尿病血糖控制的影响。 主要研究内容与研究方法: 1、第一部分MNT方法研究及其对妊娠期糖尿病的干预效果评价:从西南医院产科门诊就诊的孕妇中筛选90名妊娠期糖尿病(Gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)患者,由经过专门培训、熟悉营养学知识的营养师制定适合孕期的MNT方案并全程参与监管,方案制定采用孕期标准体重法来确定每日能量参考摄入量,用食物交换份法制定每日食谱,增加富含膳食纤维的粗粮和蔬菜的摄入,保证碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪分别占总能量的50-60%、15-20%和25-30%。将90名GDM孕妇采用随机数字法分为一次性宣教组和持续干预组,每组各45名。一次性宣教组营养治疗的监管方法仅采用1次面对面的营养宣教;持续干预组则进行持续性的治疗,即在干预期内保持密切联系,加强对营养治疗的监控,包括面对面、电话和定期营养门诊随访教育,并根据孕周、孕期体重增长以及血糖水平动态调整饮食方案。观察一个月后各组空腹血糖和餐后2h血糖的控制效果。 2、第二部分MNT结合低聚果糖干预对2型糖尿病血糖控制的影响:从新桥医院内分泌科就诊患者中筛选117名2型糖尿病(type2diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者作为研究对象,将受试者按照用药情况分层后随机分为三组:低剂量组和高剂量组各40名,对照组37名。首先调查分析T2DM患者经临床一次性营养宣教后饮食控制以及DF的摄入的实际情况。然后进行一个月的干预研究,,MNT方案的制定采用T2DM标准体重法和食物交换份法,保证碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪分别占总能量的55-65%、15%和20-25%。对照组仅采用持续性干预的MNT,低剂量组和高剂量组在持续性MNT的基础上分别补充10g或20g低聚果糖(Fructooligosaccharides,Fos),分别检测治疗前和治疗后1月各组血糖、血脂、体重等指标的变化,比较MNT和不同剂量的Fos对T2DM患者血糖控制的影响。 结果: 1.第一部分 1.1MNT治疗能够限制GDM患者的能量摄入,持续性干预的MNT方法与一次性宣教的MNT方法相比,DF摄入量明显增加(P<0.05),脂肪和碳水化合物摄入量明显下降(P<0.05)。 1.2MNT可以显著减低患者血糖水平。治疗后两组FPG和2h-PG水平均较治疗前显著下降(P<0.05);持续干预组的餐后血糖的控制更为有效,治疗后2h-PG水平明显低于一次性宣教组(P<0.05)。 1.3持续性干预组血糖控制合格率显著高于一次性宣教组(P<0.05);尿酮体阳性率组间无显著差异; 2.第二部分 2.1T2DM患者经一次性营养宣教,膳食实际控制情况不理想,每日摄入能量的平均值为2309kcal,脂肪供能比的均值为36.35%,均高于推荐摄入量;每日摄入膳食纤维的平均值为15.91g,低于T2DM患者每日推荐摄入量25-35g/d。需限制T2DM患者能量和脂肪的摄入,增加膳食纤维的补充。 2.2持续性干预MNT治疗有利于改善T2DM的胰岛功能。各组空腹胰岛素、餐后2h胰岛素和胰岛素抵抗指数均较治疗前显著下降(p<0.05)。 2.3补充摄入Fos可以显著降低T2DM患者血糖水平。FPG、2h-PG、糖化白蛋白水平低剂量组显著低于对照组(p<0.05);高剂量组显著低于对照组和低剂量组(p<0.05)。高剂量组胰岛素抵抗指数显著低于对照组(p<0.05)。 2.4补充摄入Fos可以显著降低TG水平(p<0.05);每日补充Fos20g可以使血清LDL-C水平显著下降,使HDL-C水平显著上升(p<0.05)。 结论: 对DM患者开展MNT,可以改善糖脂代谢,纠正高糖状态,有利于病情控制。加强监管的持续性MNT干预模式更能有效控制患者血糖。DM患者在实施常规MNT治疗时结合补充Fos能有效改善机体糖脂代谢、降低血糖,增强胰岛素敏感性。
[Abstract]:Diabetes (diabetes mellitus, DM) is caused by a variety of causes of chronic hyperglycemia is the main characteristic of metabolic diseases. In the world, the incidence of DM increased year by year. Due to the dietary habits of China gradually from the grain, vegetables, "traditional dietary pattern" into the meat. Oil based "western dietary pattern", the number of DM patients increased rapidly, DM has become a serious public health problem in China. The study shows that dietary imbalance is an important reason leading to the onset of DM, medical nutrition therapy DM (medical nutritiontherapy MNT) is an effective means of treatment and control of the disease. Abroad done a lot of research on the prevention and treatment of complications of DM and MNT, found that MNT can significantly improve the patient's blood sugar level. On this basis, the American Diabetes Association (American Diabetes Association, ADA DM) MNT made specific norms, regulations DM patients should strictly control the daily energy and nutrient intake and increase the proportion of dietary fiber (dietary, fiber, DF) intake. Because our dietary habits, food resources, dietary culture has great difference with foreign countries, while DM is prevalent in patients with dietary fiber lower intake, excess energy intake and dietary structure unreasonable phenomenon. Therefore, to our country DM with MNT, with the help of DM patients with a reasonable diet to promote health, has important practical significance.
Objective:
The purpose of this study is to establish an individualized MNT program and identify the best MNT monitoring methods. Based on the implementation of MNT, we add DF from non dietary sources to evaluate the effect of MNT and fructo oligosaccharide supplementation on glycemic control in diabetics.
The main research contents and research methods are:
1, the first part of the MNT evaluation method research and effect of intervention on gestational diabetes screening: 90 gestational diabetes mellitus from Southwest Hospital outpatient obstetrics in pregnant women (Gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM) patients by specially trained, familiar with the nutritional knowledge of nutritionists set MNT solution for pregnancy and full participation in supervision, the plan pregnancy weight standard method to determine the daily energy reference intake, make daily diets with food exchange method, increase the intake of dietary fiber rich whole grains and vegetables, ensure the carbohydrate, protein and fat respectively of the total energy of 50-60%, 15-20% and 25-30%. 90 GDM pregnant women were randomly divided into disposable education group and for the intervention group, with 45 patients in each group. The supervision method of one-time education group nutrition therapy using only 1 face-to-face nutrition education; continuous intervention 缁勫垯杩涜鎸佺画鎬х殑娌荤枟,鍗冲湪骞查鏈熷唴淇濇寔瀵嗗垏鑱旂郴,鍔犲己瀵硅惀鍏绘不鐤楃殑鐩戞帶,鍖呮嫭闈㈠闈
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