不同环境空气中颗粒物水平及其对肺功能的影响探讨

发布时间：2018-03-25 20:00

本文选题：不同　切入点：环境　出处：《华中科技大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：环境空气颗粒是环境污染的最重要指标,空气颗粒物(particulate matter, PM)是分散在空气中的固态或液态颗粒状物质。常见的为可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和细颗粒物(PM2.5)。既往研究显示,PM的暴露量与人群呼吸系统疾病的发病率和死亡率升高密切相关,PM暴露可导致呼吸系统疾病的发生与加重；PM还可诱导气道的防御反应,如增加黏液分泌和增加支气管高反应性,加重气道不完全可逆性阻塞。这些呼吸系统的改变可通过肺功能的改变反应出来。肺功能是反映肺和呼吸道功能状态的重要指标,生产环境空气颗粒物的接触水平及时间对肺功能的影响已有报道,但社区环境空气颗粒物对肺功能的影响报道甚少,为比较不同类型环境空气颗粒物对肺功能的影响,我们选择了武汉2个社区和某陶瓷企业,在进行环境空气颗粒物监测和研究对象人群肺功能检查的基础上,探讨环境颗粒物接触水平及时间对肺功能的影响程度,并为评价社区环境颗粒物呼吸系统危害提供基础数据。研究结果显示武汉社区环境空气颗粒物PM10的浓度介于0.034～0.444mg/m3,平均为0.173±0.080mg/m3,PM2.5为0.031～0.319mg/m3,平均为0.106±0.049mg/m3。PM10和PM2.5均远远超过国家《环境空气质量标准》(GB3095-2012)对居住区环境空气年平均浓度限值(PM10：0.070mg/m3,PM2.5：0.035mg/m3)要求,说明武汉市环境空气颗粒物污染严重。研究显示汉阳地区年均颗粒物PM10和PM2.5浓度均略高于汉口地区,具体比较不同季节环境空气颗粒物浓度,发现汉口秋季环境空气颗粒物PM10、PM2.5和春季PM2.5浓度高于汉阳地区外,其余各季节的PM10及PM2.5为汉阳地区高于汉口地区。一年之内各季节比较,汉阳地区秋冬季PM2.5水平明显高春夏季,而PM10以夏季最低,其余春、秋、冬三季的PM10水平接近。汉口地区环境空气颗粒水平的变化趋势与汉阳地区类似,秋冬季的PM2.5明显高于春季和夏季,PM10也以夏季最低,其余三季水平接近。分析原因,可能与气象条件有很大的关系。由于武汉地理环境和气候的影响,春、夏季的地表温度高于秋冬季的地表温度,在地表与大气之间温差会影响空气的流动速度,因此春、夏天的空气扩散会较大；此外,武汉地区春、夏季雨水较多,可降低环境空气中颗粒物的水平。秋冬季的燃烧和取暖也是PM升高的可能原因生产过程产生的颗粒物浓度远远高于社区环境空气颗粒物浓度,即使在陶瓷企业采取各种措施降低粉尘浓度后,陶瓷厂工种场所的评价颗粒物浓度是社区的15倍以上。通过对武汉社区和某陶瓷企业年龄、性别匹配的各800名人群进行肺功能测定,结果显示陶瓷企业工人的肺功能主要指标均低于社区人群,陶瓷厂肺功能障碍比例(85.5%)高于武汉社区(51.5%),肺通气障碍以限制性通气障碍最多,推测与颗粒物粉尘暴露引起肺部炎性反应或纤维化,导致肺顺应性降低有关。按《劳动能力鉴定--职工工伤与职业病致残等级》(GB/T16180-2006)排定肺功能损伤,结果陶瓷企业肺功能损伤比例(76.5%)也高于社区居民(26.9%),差异具有统计学意义。说明高水平生产颗粒物对肺功能损伤更为严重。本课题在环境颗粒物监测基础上进行其对肺功能影响的研究,为全面评价空气颗粒物的健康危害提供了基础数据。
[Abstract]:Ambient air particles are the most important indicators of environmental pollution, the air particles (particulate matter PM) is a solid or liquid particles dispersed in the air. Common respirable particulate matter (PM10) and fine particles (PM2.5). Previous studies have demonstrated that elevated PM exposure and respiratory system diseases the morbidity and mortality is closely related to PM exposure can cause the occurrence of respiratory diseases and aggravating; PM can induce airway defense reaction, such as increased mucus secretion and increased bronchial hyperresponsiveness, airway aggravated irreversible obstructive reaction. These respiratory changes through changes in lung function.
Lung function is an important indicator of lung and respiratory function status, exposure level and time of production of ambient air particulate matter effect on lung function have been reported, but the community ambient air particles effect on lung function has been rarely reported. In order to compare the effects of different types of ambient air particles on lung function, we chose Wuhan 2 a community and a ceramic enterprises, based on the examination of ambient air particulate matter monitoring and research subjects of lung function, to explore the ambient particulate exposure level and time influence on lung function, and to provide basic data for evaluation of the environmental hazards of particulate community respiratory system.
The results showed that the concentration of ambient air particles between the Wuhan community PM10 0.034 ~ 0.444mg/m3, the average was 0.173 + 0.080mg/m3, PM2.5 = 0.031 ~ 0.319mg/m3, the average was 0.106 + 0.049mg/m3.PM10 and PM2.5 were far more than the national ambient air quality standard > > (GB3095-2012) limits the residential area environmental air annual average concentration (PM10:0.070mg/m3, PM2.5:0.035mg/m3) Wuhan City, ambient air particulate matter pollution.
The research shows that Hanyang area average particle PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were slightly higher than that in Hankou, the comparison of different seasonal ambient air particulate matter concentration, found in Hankou ambient air particles of PM10, PM2.5 and PM2.5 in spring was higher than in Hanyang area, PM10 PM2.5 and the rest of the season for the Hanyang area is higher than that within a year the Hankou area. Season, in autumn and winter in Hanyang PM2.5 level was significantly higher in spring and summer, while PM10 is the lowest in summer, the rest of the spring, autumn, winter three season PM10 level close to the Hankou area. The changes of the levels of ambient air particles and the Hanyang area is similar to that of the autumn and winter of PM2.5 was significantly higher than that in spring and summer, PM10 is the lowest in summer, the rest the three quarter level close. To analyze the reasons, have a great relationship with meteorological conditions. The effects of Wuhan geographical environment and climate in spring, the surface temperature of surface temperature in summer than in autumn and winter. The temperature difference between the surface and the atmosphere will affect the velocity of air flow. Therefore, the air diffusion in spring and summer will be larger. Besides, in spring and summer, there will be more rain in Wuhan, which can reduce the level of particulate matter in the ambient air. The burning and heating in autumn and winter is also a possible reason for the increase of PM.
The concentration of particulates produced during the production process is much higher than that of the ambient air particles in the community. Even when ceramic enterprises take various measures to reduce the dust concentration, the particle concentration in the workplace of ceramic factories is 15 times higher than that in the community.
Through to the Wuhan community and a ceramic enterprises of the 800 age, gender matched groups underwent pulmonary function test, the results show that the main indexes of lung function were lower than that of ceramic enterprise workers community, ceramics factory (85.5%) is higher than the proportion of lung dysfunction in Wuhan community (51.5%), pulmonary ventilation dysfunction with restrictive ventilatory disorder most, and that particles of dust exposure can cause lung inflammation or fibrosis, resulting in decreased lung compliance. According to the "labor ability appraisal -- work related injuries and occupation disease disability level > (GB/T16180-2006) scheduled for pulmonary function injury, the pulmonary function injury rate of ceramic enterprises (76.5%) is higher than that of community residents (26.9%), the difference was statistically significant. The high level production of particles on lung function damage is more serious.
On the basis of environmental particle monitoring, the research on the effect of the lung function on the environmental particles provides the basic data for the comprehensive evaluation of the health hazards of air particles.

【学位授予单位】：华中科技大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：R122

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