论马克思哲学对传统形而上学超验本质的现实超越

发布时间：2017-12-27 03:18

本文关键词：论马克思哲学对传统形而上学超验本质的现实超越　出处：《辽宁大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：西方传统形而上学是指以柏拉图、亚里士多德、笛卡尔、康德、黑格尔等人为代表的以“实体”概念为核心范畴的形而上学,其本质在于超越现实的“感性世界”,构建一个超感性的概念世界。马克思哲学对传统形而上学的变革与超越,不仅仅体现为哲学理论研究范式的转换或哲学思维方式的变革,更重要的体现在马克思哲学依据其特有的“现实”立足点,突破了传统形而上学的内在逻辑,解构了其“超验世界”的构建逻辑,从而将传统形而上学的立论基础进行了全盘的现实翻转进而回到真实的历史前提。本文正是试图在这一新的哲学理论的向度内来分析马克思哲学对西方传统形而上学的现实超越。西方形而上学从构建之初就致力于将超感性世界的“概念”、“实体”、“存在”、“精神”作为研究对象,否定和超越“现实世界”,去寻找一个更“本真”的世界,由此导致了一系列的“两个世界”等问题的出现：本质世界与现象世界、真相世界与假象世界、理性世界与感性世界、灵魂世界与肉体世界……,等等,并且认为理念的“实在界”才是真实的存在,而“现实世界”则是非本质、虚假地存在着。存在与非存在、现实和潜能、实是与应是、真相与显相等的对立与斗争也由此而生。形而上学由于其构建了一个与现实感性世界相对立隔离的世界,并以此超验世界为本真世界,而失去了对现实世界的指导意义与现实把握而成为哲学界批判的对象。马克思哲学则从对“超验世界”的解构的批判的消解的角度,对传统形而上学的研究对象(超验的“在”)和研究方法(纯粹理性思辨)进行变革和批判。对传统形而上学进行了实质性的变革与颠覆。马克思哲学对“超验世界”的批判是多维度的,马克思哲学从理性批判的维度,对传统形而上学的“实体性”和“意识内在性”进行了批判,打通了主体与客体的沟通的桥梁；从意识形态批判的角度,解释了彼岸世界的虚假性；马克思又从社会历史批判的维度对传统形而上学的“抽象”前提进行了批判,“抽象”的精神与现实的感性相背离,成为了超验的存在。马克思哲学的根本指向是面对“现实的世界”,这就意味着马克思哲学是关注“现实世界”的现实性哲学,马克思哲学注重对“现实世界的”实践的、历史的把握,强调对现实世界的“改变”和“批判”。马克思哲学以“从事活动的现实的人”为哲学的逻辑起点,坚持构建世界的实践唯物主义原则,在实践基础上,实现了主观与客观的统一、人与自然的统一,经验与超验的融合。马克思哲学从实质上看是对传统形而上学的根本“颠倒”,这表明马克思哲学从根本上超越了传统形而上学的基本理论范式,超越了以往形而上学的展开路径,超越了以往形而上学“解释世界”的封闭特征,马克思哲学通过以对人的感性活动为基础的“感性世界”优先性的确立为哲学提供一条“改造世界”的现实道路。马克思对传统形而上学的“终结”,从理论样式看是终结了在学理意义上的形而上学,从实践上看是创立了直接面对感性现实的思考方式。在他看来,“哲学”必须从现实中实现,不能在现实中实现的“哲学”只能加以终结。而以往的形而上学根本不能在现实众实现,因为它是对现实世界的“颠倒”,是以“颠倒”的方式看现实世界,无法再现实中加以实现。马克思哲学在对世界的现实把握中,内在地蕴涵着理想性的形而上维度。马克思哲学所实现的革命不仅仅在于对传统形而上学否定和解构,同时也是一种面向哲学未来的探询和求索。当代形而上学的发展,有着诸多的可能,对于形而上学形上维度的理解,只能在于现实世界的真实合体中予以把握。
[Abstract]:Western traditional metaphysics refers to Platon, Aristotle, Descartes, Kant, Hagel and other representatives of the "entity" concept as the core category of metaphysics, the essence of reality beyond the perceptual world, build a super perceptual conceptual world. The change of Marx's philosophy of traditional metaphysics and transcendence, not only embodies the transformation of philosophical paradigm or philosophical thinking mode transformation, more important is reflected in Marx's philosophy on the basis of the unique "reality" foothold, break the inherent logic of the traditional metaphysics, the deconstruction of "transcendental world" to construct logic. The basis of the traditional metaphysics of reality and then return to the historical premise of the overall turnover of the real. This article is trying to analyze the realistic transcendence of Marx's philosophy to the traditional metaphysics of the West in the direction of this new philosophical theory. From the beginning of the construction of Western metaphysics is committed to the supersensory world "concept", "entity", "existence" and "spirit" as the research object, negation and Transcendence of "real world", to find a more "real" world, which leads to the emergence of a series of "two world" the problems such as: the essence and phenomenon of the world, the world of truth and illusion world world, rational world and the perceptual world and the spirit world and the physical world...... And so on, and think that the "reality" of the idea is the real existence, and the "real world" is non essential and false. The opposition and struggle between the existence and the non existence, the reality and the potential, the reality and the should be, the truth and the explicit equality are also born from this. Metaphysics has constructed a world which is relatively isolated from the real perceptual world, and has lost the guiding significance and realistic grasp of the real world by the transcendental world, and has become the object of criticism in the philosophy field. From the perspective of critical deconstruction of "transcendental world", Marx's philosophy changed and criticized traditional metaphysical objects (transcendental "in") and research methods (pure rational thinking). It has made substantial changes and subversion to the traditional metaphysics. Marx's philosophy is a multidimensional critique of "transcendental world", Marx's critique of the philosophy from the dimension of traditional metaphysics "entity" and "consciousness" of criticism, through the bridge of the subject and object of communication; from the ideological point of view, explain the falsity of the other side of the world Marx; and from the dimension of social historical criticism on traditional metaphysics "abstract" the premise of criticism, "the spirit of reality and abstract" perceptual deviates, becomes a problem of transcendentalism. The fundamental philosophy of Marx to face the "real world", which means that Marx's philosophy is "realistic world" philosophy, Marx's philosophy pays attention to the practice of "real world", the history of the grasp of the real world, emphasizing the "change" and "criticism". Marx's philosophy is based on the logical starting point of "the real person who is engaged in activities". He insists on building the principles of practical materialism in the world. On the basis of practice, it realizes the unity of subjectivity and objectivity, the unity of man and nature, and the integration of experience and Transcendence. Marx is the fundamental essence of philosophy "in traditional metaphysics reversed, suggesting that Marx philosophy has transcended the basic theory of traditional metaphysics radically beyond the path of traditional metaphysics, beyond the traditional metaphysics" to explain the sealing characteristics of the world ", by Marx's philosophy of human perceptual activities based the" sensual world "established as the priority of philosophy provide a realistic way to transform the world". Marx's theory of "ending" in traditional metaphysics is the end of the metaphysics in academic sense. In practice, it is the way of thinking that directly faces the perceptual reality. In his view, "philosophy" must be realized from reality, and the "philosophy" that can not be realized in reality can only be terminated. In the past, metaphysics can never be realized in reality, because it is a reversal of the real world, and a real way to see the real world in a reverse way. In the grasp of the reality of the world, Marx's philosophy implicates the metaphysical dimension of ideality. The revolution realized by Marx's philosophy lies not only in the negation and Deconstruction of the traditional metaphysics, but also a kind of inquiry and seeking for the future of philosophy. There are many possibilities for the development of modern metaphysics. The understanding of metaphysics on the dimension of metaphysics can only be grasped in the real world of the real world.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：B0-0

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