在走向后现代途中的西方马克思主义：利奥塔早中期思想研究

发布时间：2018-02-14 08:49

  本文关键词： 利奥塔 西方马克思主义 后现代转向 法国弗洛伊德主义　出处：《南京大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：本论文主要研究利奥塔(Jean-Francois Lyotard,1924-1998)这位20世纪的法国哲学家早中期的马克思主义批判思想及其转变的过程,从二战后到1970年代这段期间里,利奥塔的思想经历了从西方马克思主义到后现代思想的转变。利奥塔首先是从萨特和梅洛-庞蒂的现象学解释进入西方马克思主义的批判逻辑,也就是试图在苏联马克思主义之外寻找资本主义批判的道路,此时现象学、存在主义和马克思主义在青年利奥塔那里微妙地结合在一起。此后,利奥塔加入“社会主义或野蛮”这一托洛茨基主义的组织,他运用马克思主义的分析方法对阿尔及利亚的反殖民斗争和法国当时的无产阶级状况展开了论述,其中,对官僚主义的批判是利奥塔此时思想的一个核心。在“社会主义或野蛮”组织分裂之后,法国在1968年发生了大规模的学生和工人运动,这反映了法国国家官僚主义在面对国内外危机时的脆弱性,而面对当时法国文化和教育制度中存在的异化和压抑现象,利奥塔开始求助于马克思主义之外的另一股思想主流——弗洛伊德主义。利奥塔在批判拉康理论和构建自己的精神分析方法的过程中,弗洛伊德所使用的概念逐渐成为他对资本主义批判的基础。与此同时,他在他的博士论文中构建出一个独特的话语和图形世界,通过发掘黑格尔和拉康理论中被埋没的视觉因素,揭露总体性的意识形态对欲望原发过程的妨碍和欺骗。利奥塔还对当时流行的两种马克思的解读模式,也就是吕贝尔的马克思学和阿尔都塞的断裂论提出了批评,然而在这种批评中,马克思的概念逐渐被泛化为弗洛伊德主义和尼采主义的概念,利奥塔甚至通过虚构马克思的形象来逃离政治经济学,这意味着利奥塔的西方马克思主义批判逻辑走向终结,对后现代的解释开始成为他晚期思想的核心。本论文的基本任务是,在法国历史和思想情境的研究和对利奥塔文本的细致考证的基础上,说明利奥塔如何在动荡的现实和思想潮流中一步一步地走向后现代思想,与此同时,他又如何一步一步地远离他一开始所坚持的马克思主义批判逻辑。不断地从主流的历史叙事中漂离出来,这是利奥塔思想的一个主要特征。本论文的第一章探讨了青年利奥塔所面对的西方马克思主义的语境,萨特和梅洛-庞蒂的存在主义马克思主义对其产生了重要的影响。第二章和第三章结合了现实批判的语境,讲述了利奥塔在“社会主义或野蛮”组织的经历,他在阿尔及利亚战争和法国无产阶级状况分析中对马克思主义方法的运用,以及他对1960年代法国知识分子状况的历史分析,解释利奥塔转向弗洛伊德主义的最初动因。第四章对于利奥塔为何尝试偏离马克思和弗洛伊德这两大思想主流这一问题进行详细的解读,阐释利奥塔走向弗洛伊德主义的内在逻辑。第五章集中解读《话语,图形》中的一条内在的批判线索,探讨利奥塔对黑格尔哲学和拉康理论中的意识形态特征的批判。第六章探讨利奥塔如何对两种马克思的解读模式提出批评,以及这种批评背后反映出的利奥塔思想的转向及其代价。第七章讲述利奥塔通过将马克思重新形象化而引申出一种具有反讽意味的“力比多经济学”,从而试图逃离出马克思的政治经济学的批判逻辑。结论部分解释了利奥塔在1970年代中后期转向后现代思想的实质内涵,提出对利奥塔后现代思想的更准确的理解,以及讨论利奥塔这种转向给我们带来的经验和教训。在目前国内研究中,本论文是第一次以马克思主义哲学为主要参照,对利奥塔早中期思想和文本进行深入解读的著作,充分研究和借鉴了国外研究的主要成果,在研究内容的选取和解读方面均有创新之处,对于反思西方马克思主义思潮和后现代思潮的经验和教训,推进我国对马克思主义哲学当代意义的讨论有一定的参考价值。
[Abstract]:This paper mainly studies the Liotta (Jean-Francois Lyotard, 1924-1998) process of Marx's critical thought and its change of the early and mid twentieth Century the French philosopher, from after the Second World War to 1970s during this period, Liotta's thought from the experience of the western Marx socialist transition to postmodern thought. Liotta is from Sutter and Melo Pang with a phenomenological interpretation into critical logic of western theory of Marx, is trying to find out Marx's critique of capitalism in the Soviet Union Road, the phenomenology, existentialism and the Marx doctrine in the youth Liotta's subtle together. Since then, Liotta joined the "socialism or barbarism" the Trotsky doctrine, he analysis method Marx's theory of the anti colonial struggle in Algeria and France at the condition of the proletariat Exposition, criticism of bureaucracy which is a core idea. At this time Liotta after "socialism or barbarism" organization split, France has a large-scale movement of students and workers in 1968, which reflects the French state bureaucracy in the face of vulnerability at home and abroad during the crisis, in the face of alienation and oppression phenomenon the French culture and education system at that time, Liotta turned to Marx's other a mainstream ideology -- the Freud doctrine. Liotta in the critique of Lacan's theory and the construction of their own mental analysis method in the process of using the concept of Freud gradually become him on the basis of criticizing capitalism. At the same time, he constructed a unique words and graphics in the world in his doctoral dissertation, by exploring the theory of Hagel and Lacan buried visual factors, Jie The overall ideology of desire with primary process of obstruction and deception. Interpretation mode of two kinds of Lyotard also Marx was popular at the time, Rubel's Marx and Al Du Jose breaks the theory of criticism, but in this criticism, Marx's concept is gradually generalized concept for the Freud doctrine and Nietzsche. Even through the image of Marx, Lyotard fiction to escape political economics, which means that Lyotard's western Marx criticism towards the end of logic, modern interpretation has become the core of his later thought. The basic task of this paper is, based on French history and ideological situation and meticulous research on Lyotard's text. How to explain Lyotard step by step in the turbulent reality and ideological trend of postmodernism, at the same time, how could he step Marx's critique of logical step away from the beginning he insisted. Continuously from the historical narrative in the mainstream drift out, this is one of the main features of Liotta's thought. The first chapter of this thesis discusses the young Liotta facing the western theory of Marx Sutter and Melo context, Ponty's Existentialist Marx Marxism has an important influence on it. The second chapter and the third chapter combines the context of reality criticism, tells the story of Liotta in "socialism or barbarism" organization experience, his analysis on the war in Algeria and France in the proletariat of Marx's method, and his 1960s French intellectual status analysis, initial motivation Liotta turned to explain the Freud doctrine. The fourth chapter for why Liotta Marx and Freud try to deviate from the two mainstream ideology Detailed understanding of this problem, the internal logic interpretation of Liotta to the Freud doctrine. The fifth chapter focuses on interpreting "discourse, an internal critique of clues graphics > in the study of Liotta, criticism of the ideological characteristics of Hagel and Lacan's theory of philosophy. The sixth chapter discusses Liotta how to interpret the pattern of two kinds of Marx's criticism well, to this criticism reflect Liotta's thought and its price. The seventh chapter tells the story of Liotta and derives a irony of" Libido economics "by Marx to visualize, in order to escape from the critical logic of Marx's political economics. The conclusion explains the essence of Liotta in the late 1970s in turn modern thought, put forward a more accurate understanding of Liotta's postmodern thought, and discuss the Liotta turn 鍚戠粰鎴戜滑甯︽潵鐨勭粡楠屽拰鏁欒��.鍦ㄧ洰鍓嶅浗鍐呯爺绌朵腑,鏈�璁烘枃鏄�绗�涓�娆′互椹�鍏嬫�濅富涔夊摬瀛︿负涓昏�佸弬鐓�,瀵瑰埄濂ュ�旀棭涓�鏈熸，

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