从共同体到联合体—马克思共同体思想研究

发布时间：2018-02-24 09:46

  本文关键词： 共同体 自由人联合体 人的依赖性 物的依赖性 自由与全面发展　出处：《华侨大学》2017年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：作为个人共同的生活方式,共同体既规定着个人存在的具体形式,也体现出个人生活的具体内容。个人与共同体的现实关系决定着个人生存与发展的现实状态及其生活的质量。自然共同体是个人生存与发展最初的历史形态,是前资本主义时期人类共同的生活方式,是个人生活的历时形态。它是自然生产力条件下人基于生存的目的而自发选择的结果,是“人的依赖性”发展阶段。在自然共同体中,从事生产的基本单位是以血缘、姻亲等自然关系为纽带而结成的群体,而个人没有或者缺乏独立性,必须依赖共同体来实现自身的存在和发展。同时,自然共同体自给自足的生产方式也造就了个人能力的全面性发展。但受制于较低的自然生产力水平,人的发展这种全面性又是原始的、被迫的、较低层次的全面性,呈现出“人的依赖性”的特征。在自然生产力条件下,人若不能全面地掌握生活必需品的全部生产技能,就无法获取足够的生存和生活资料。也即是说,在自然共同体中,所谓的个人发展的丰富性、全面性是非自愿的和不自由的,而是在生存压力的迫使下人对自身的依赖性的体现。由于社会生产力长期停留在较低的水平,这样就使得自然共同体成为了整个前资本主义时期包括原始社会、奴隶社会和封建社会在内的人的主要的生活方式。市民社会共同体是个人生存与发展方式的第二个阶段,是资本主义制度下人的共同生活方式,资产阶级社会是其最典型的形态。市民社会共同体取代自然共同体成为个人主要的生活方式,是生产力发展的必然结果,它把人从自然状态下的“人的依赖性”推进到“物的依赖性”的发展阶段,这是人类历史发展的一大进步。市民社会共同体把人从以血缘、姻亲等自然关系为纽带结成的群体的束缚中解脱出来,把个人塑造成为一个个具有独立性的经济实体,使人的生存与发展获得了较大程度的自由。但同时,市民社会共同体又给人制造了一个物化的生活世界,在这种物化的生活环境中,人生产与生活的目的也被简化为对实物的占有(主要表现为对货币的追求和占有),呈现出较强的“物的依赖性”特征。所以,在市民社会共同体条件下,个人所获取的自由只是一种形式上的自由,是人被物统治和奴役下的自由。自由人联合体是人的生存与发展的最高阶段,是人的生活的未来形态,是共同体的最高形式,是对市民社会共同体的积极扬弃。在“自由人联合体”中,劳动和享受、占有和奉献、普遍利益和特殊利益的矛盾得到了彻底地解决和统一,每个人也都得到了最充分的自由和最彻底的解放,是人的本质的真正复归。从“市民社会共同体”发展为“自由人联合体”是人的生活方式的一次质的飞跃,它使人的生存与发展彻底拜托了“物的依赖性”,真正进入到“自由而全面”的发展阶段。本论文的宗旨即以马克思共同体思想为理论基础和指导,以现实的个人生存状况为基点,以个人与共同体(即社会)的关系为依托,考察历史上存在过和存在着的共同体形式的特征及其成员的生存与发展状态,阐释旧的共同体(指自然共同体和市民社会共同体)与联合体(“自由人联合体”)的联系与区别,从而揭示从共同体到联合体的必要性及其动力。在此基础上,挖掘马克思“自由人联合体”思想的基本内涵与本真意蕴,全面分析它的科学性、现实性与当代价值。
[Abstract]:As a common way of life, a community of both the provisions of specific forms of individual existence, but also reflects the specific content of a person's life. The reality of the relationship between the individual and the community determines the quality of individual survival and development of the state and the reality of life. The natural community is a survival and development history of the original form, is the human way of life together the pre capitalist period, is the last form of personal life. It is based on the natural productivity of human survival and self selection results, is "dependent" development phase. In the natural community, the basic unit is engaged in the production of blood relationship, marriage and other natural ties of a group. No personal or lack of independence, must rely on the community to achieve its own existence and development. At the same time, the natural community self-sufficient mode of production has created Comprehensive development of individual ability. But subject to low natural productivity level, the comprehensive development of people is the original, forced, overall low level, showing the feature of "dependence" of human beings. In the natural productivity conditions, if people can not fully grasp all the production the necessities of life skills, we can't get enough of life and survival data. That is to say, in the natural community, the richness of the so-called personal development, comprehensive is involuntary and not free, but the survival pressure forced the people on their own dependent expression. Because of the social productivity for long periods of time at the lower level, so that the natural community has become the whole pre capitalist period including the primitive society, the slave society and the feudal society, the main way of life. Civil society is the community of individual survival and development The exhibition of second stages, is a common way of life under the capitalist system, bourgeois society is the most typical form. The civil society community community becomes the main place of the natural personal way of life, is the inevitable result of the development of productive forces, the people from the natural state of "human dependence" to promote "the dependence of the stage of development, which is a great progress in the development of human history. The people from the community of civil society by blood relationship, free from the shackles of natural affinity for link groups out of the personal shape becomes an independent economic entity, the survival and development of people is obtained a greater degree of freedom. But at the same time, civil society and community to create a materialized world of life, in this kind of materialization of life, human production and life to be reduced to Real possession (mainly for the pursuit of money and possession), showing a strong "material dependence" features. Therefore, the civil society community under the conditions of the individual freedom is a form of freedom, is matter domination and slavery freedom. The Commonwealth of free people is the highest stage of people's survival and development, is the life of the future shape, is the highest form of the community, is the civil society community actively abandoned. In the "free people", labor and enjoyment, possession and dedication, contradiction of common interests and special interests has been completely solved and unified, everyone got the full freedom and the most complete liberation, is really the reversion of human nature. From the "civil society community" for the development of the "free people" is a qualitative leap in people's way of life, it makes people Please complete the survival and development of the "material dependence", into "free and comprehensive development stage". The purpose of this thesis is based on Marx community as a theoretical basis and guidance to individual survival reality as the starting point, the individual and the community (i.e. Society) relationship based on survival with the development of state characteristics and community members form and exist in reviewing the history of interpretation, the old community (natural community and civil society community) and the Federation ("Freeman") of the connection and distinction, which reveals from community to necessity and dynamic combination. This on the basis of the basic connotation of mining "Marx Freeman" thought and implication, a comprehensive analysis of its scientific nature, reality and contemporary value.

【学位授予单位】：华侨大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B038
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本文编号：1529793