霍克海默与社会批判理论的起源

发布时间：2018-03-04 06:32

  本文选题：霍克海默　切入点：前批判理论时期　出处：《山东大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：法兰克福学派是当代德国最重要的社会思潮之一,也是西方马克思主义当中影响最大的流派。作为法兰克福学派创始人,霍克海默创立的社会批判理论成为法兰克福学派的标签。尽管近年来对社会批判理论的研究热情不减,但对于霍克海默思想,尤其是对他的前批判理思想及其发展的研究重视不够。本文试图在考察霍克海默的前批判理论时期与早期批判理论时期的思想发展历程的基础上,发掘社会批判理论与德国观念论以及马克思主义传统的内在关联,同时澄清国内外学界关于霍克海默前批判理论时期与早期批判理论时期思想的误解,以期对社会批判理论的缘起过程做一个较为客观的哲学史的重构。本文共有六章,其中,第1—3章主要围绕着霍克海默与德国观念论的关系展开论述,考察霍克海默如何离开观念论逐渐走向一条带有历史唯物主义色彩的实践哲学之路；第4—6章主要考察霍克海默与马克思主义的关系,阐明他如何扬弃正统马克思主义、早期西方马克思主义以及马克思唯物主义历史观,并最终创立社会批判理论。本文以霍克海默1920—1925年间的学术论为研究起点。这些学术论文是霍克海默追随导师科内利乌斯,站在新康德主义马堡学派立场上,对康德知识论所做的批判。霍克海默运用受格式塔心理学激发的先验现象学对康德的感性知性二元论进行批判,并用“经历”概念来统一认识过程的内在结构,试图以此克服二元论。尽管霍克海默的学院派哲学局限于带有实证主义特征的纯理论研究,但此时已表现出来的反教条主义、反机械主义的批判精神贯穿了霍克海默一生,并对批判理论的创立产生了重要影响。实际上,这时霍克海默的哲学日记、演讲稿、书信等文字材料显示,他的思想中并不仅有科内利乌斯立场上的新康德主义认识论,还存在着叔本华意志形而上学思想与受马克思影响的历史唯物主义萌芽。霍克海默在学习哲学之初便具有一种实践旨趣。尽管导师带有启蒙特征的实践哲学对他产生了影响,但他更多的是受叔本华意志哲学的影响。1925年取得大学授课资格之后,霍克海默逐渐摆脱了导师的影响,意识到其认识论实际上是一种具有唯我论特征的内在的意识哲学,并对这种唯心主义认识论进行批判。1925年以后,霍克海默通过一系列讲座,对德国观念论进行了系统的思考与批判。最初,他站在黑格尔辩证哲学的立场上,通过历史社会的现实的总体性超越内在的哲学反思,从而完成了对康德的知识论二元论与形式主义的批判；但霍克海默发现：黑格尔哲学中存在着一个永恒的本质,它把现实的总体性当作一种精神内在发展的产物并最终导致了绝对性,这最终造成了黑格尔体系的封闭性而成为一种形而上学。鉴于此,霍克海默又接受了康德“实践理性优先性”观点,但将具体的个体需要、利益、困境作为理论认识的动机和标准,并系统地联结历史与社会现实,用社会历史的反思来追求幸福,由此,霍克海默超越了康德,否定了康德唯心主义的道德哲学,产生了实践的历史唯物主义构想。社会批判理论的缘起离不开马克思主义的影响,这种影响在完成观念论批判、走向唯物主义哲学之路后,渐渐起主导作用。1926年以后,霍克海默的研究开始带有马克思主义色彩。首先,他批判正统马克思主义,认为正统马克思主义是布尔什维克领导人立场上的政治意识形态。其次,对卢卡奇为代表的早期西方马克思主义,霍克海默既接受又批判。一方面,他借鉴了卢卡奇的总体性范畴来克服物化与实证主义认识方式,以获得对社会关系的总体性认识；另一方面,他又批判卢卡奇总体性范畴的封闭性与同一性,由此批判卢卡奇“重返黑格尔”的立场,认为这种立场的本质是主客体同一的哲学体系,同时也反对将无产阶级视为社会历史发展过程中的同一主客体。在对卢卡奇的批判中,霍克海默表现出一种类似实证主义的立场,推崇经验研究,否认自然科学与社会科学的本质差别。当然,霍克海默一开始就区分马克思理论与马克思主义。霍克海默基本接受马克思的唯物史观,但他对马克思的“基础—上层建筑”图式做了两点修正：一是把意识形态批判引入文化领域,更加突出文化上层建筑的作用与意义；二是将心理分析与历史唯物主义结合起来形成社会心理学,并与政治经济学批判、文化理论一起构建了对资本主义社会的总体批判。这种跨学科的唯物主义社会总体性批判成为1931年后霍克海默领导下的社会研究所的研究纲领,霍克海默从事实上确立了社会批判理论。“批判理论”概念,最早出现在霍克海默1937年《传统理论与批判理论》一文中。霍克海默认为实证主义的传统理论把认识主体排除在认识过程之外,造成了理论脱离了实践。因而,他试图用一种建构性的批判理论代替描述性的传统理论,批判理论的建构性特征体现在它常常结合特定历史情境下人类社会生活来对哲学概念进行规定,将社会真正利益作为描述现实的出发点,运用一种不同于实证主义的建构性思维对社会总体做出一种“存在判断”。由此,批判理论成为社会实践的一个要素而保持其“非封闭性”。霍克海默自始至终想创立一种实践的批判理论,但与马克思不同,他始终没有将理论转化为革命实践,尽管在三十年代初,他试图将批判理论打造为解放人类的行动哲学。在处理批判理论与实践主体,即无产阶级的关系问题上,他一直强调将理论与政治行动分离,以保持其批判性；同时,他也看到了在资本主义社会从自由主义阶段过渡到垄断主义阶段之后,无产阶级的软弱性。因此,批判理论成为一种主体缺失的乌托邦,换言之,作为实践哲学的批判理论也变成了一种理性批判的理论研究。本文并非仅仅对霍克海默前批判理论时期与早期批判理论时期的思想进行文献梳理,而且还对霍克海默社会批判理论缘起产生影响的各种哲学问题进行反思,从而得出自己的见解。比如,笔者不同意把霍克海默学院派哲学与其批判理论割裂开来,不同意否认科内利乌斯对霍克海默批判理论产生影响的观点,不同意把霍克海默简单地归为“黑格尔主义的马克思主义”、“卢卡奇谱系的西方马克思主义”；同时揭示霍克海默前批判理论和早期批判理论时期对实证主义态度的矛盾性,阐明在哲学与科学关系问题上霍克海默并非拒斥科学,而是将批判理论思想引入科学领域,试图改造具体科学的纯粹实证特征,等等。
[Abstract]:Frankfurt school is one of the most important contemporary German social thought, but also the western Marx doctrine among influential schools. As the founder of the Frankfurt school, Hawke Heimo founded the social critical theory of Frankfurt school became the label. Although in recent years the social critical theory research enthusiasm, but the thoughts of Hawke Heimo, especially his criticism is not before paying attention to the research of philosophy and development. This article attempts to study Hawke Heimo's theory before the critical period and the early critical theory ideological development, explore interrelated social critical theory and German idealism and Marx doctrine tradition, and clarify the domestic and foreign scholars on the Hawke Heimo critique period and the early critical theory period the misunderstanding of theory, with a view to the origin of the process of the social critical theory of a The reconstruction of the history of philosophy. The objective of this paper consists of six chapters, the first chapter mainly revolves around the relationship between the 3 - Hawke Heimo and German idealism was discussed to explore how Hawke Heimo left the idea is on the way to a color with historical materialism philosophy and practice of the road; fourth - 6 chapter focuses on Hawke Heimo and Marx doctrine, clarify how he abandoned the orthodox doctrine of Marx, Marx and Marx early western doctrine of historical materialism, and finally establishes the social critique theory. Based on the Hawke Heimo 1920 - 1925 years of academic theory as the research starting point. The dissertation is Hawke Heimo follow tutor, Nellie and UZ, standing in the new Kant's Marburg school position Kant, the criticism of the theory of knowledge. Hawke Heimo used by the transcendental phenomenon excited by Gestalt psychology of Kant's perceptual two yuan On the criticism, and use the "internal structure to unify the understanding process of" concept, trying to overcome the dualism. Although Hawke Heimo's academic philosophy focused on pure theory with positivism features, but the time has shown anti dogmatism, anti mechanical critique spirit throughout the life of Hawke Heimo, and made an important impact on the creation of critical theory. In fact, the philosophy of Hawke Heimo diaries, speeches, letters and other written materials, and not only in his thought of a position on the ouse Nellie Neo Kantian epistemology, Schopenhauer will still exist in metaphysics and influenced by Marx's historical materialism. Hawke Heimo is a budding practice in the study of philosophy purport at the beginning. Although with characteristics of practical philosophy of the enlightenment mentor has influence on him, but he is more affected by the The influence of.1925 Schopenhauer's philosophy in university teaching qualification, Hawke Heimo gradually get rid of the impact of the instructors, aware of its epistemology is actually a kind of solipsism inherent characteristics of the philosophy of consciousness and awareness of the idealistic criticism.1925 years later, Hawke Heimo through a series of lectures on German idealism of reflection and criticism system. Initially, he stood in the position of Hagel dialectical philosophy, through the overall historical social reality beyond the philosophical reflection on the inside, thus completing the knowledge of Kant's critique of dualism and formalism; but Hawke Heimo found that there exists an eternal nature of Hagel's philosophy. It is the product of the overall reality as a spiritual inner development and eventually lead to the absolute, which ultimately caused the closure of Hagel system and As a kind of metaphysics. In view of this, Hawke Heimo also accepted Kant's "rational practice priority" point of view, but the specific individual needs, interests and difficulties as the theoretical understanding of the motivation and standard system, and between history and reality, with the reflection of social history to the pursuit of happiness, therefore, Hawke Heimo transcends Kant deny the Kantian idealism of moral philosophy, the historical materialism conception of practice. The influence of the origin of the social critical theory cannot do without the Marx doctrine, the influence in the complete concept of criticism towards materialism philosophy of the road, after gradually plays a leading role in.1926, Hawke Heimo's study began with Marx's color. First, he criticized the orthodox doctrine of Marx, that is Bull J Vic Marx's Orthodox leaders of political ideology. Secondly, the representative of Lukacs The early Western Marx doctrine, Hawke Heimo accept criticism. On the one hand, he draws on Lukacs's category of totality to overcome materialization and positivism understanding method, to obtain the overall understanding of social relations; on the other hand, he also criticized Lukacs's totality category closed and identity of the criticism of Lukacs "stand back to Hagel", the essence that this position is the philosophical system of identity of subject and object, and is also opposed to the proletariat as the social and historical development of the same object. In the criticism of Lukacs, Hawke Heimo showed a similar experience of the positivism and respected, deny the essential difference of nature science and social science. Of course, Hawke Heimo began to distinguish between Marx theory and the Marx doctrine. Hawke Heimo accepted Marx's historical materialism, but he Marx's "foundation - Superstructure" schema has made two aspects: one is to revise the critique of ideology into the field of culture, the role and significance of more prominent cultural superstructure; two is the psychological analysis and historical materialism are combined to form the social psychology, and the critique of political economy, culture theory together to construct the overall critique to the capitalist society. This interdisciplinary materialism social comprehensive criticism in 1931 after becoming social research under the leadership of Hawke Heimo's research program, Hawke Heimo established the social critical theory from the fact. "Critical theory" concept, first appeared in Hawke Heimo's 1937 "traditional theory and critical theory" in this paper. The default is the Hawke sea the traditional theory of positivism to exclude understanding of the subject in the process of cognition, which theory is divorced from practice. Therefore, he tried to use a The traditional theory of critical theory instead of descriptive, constructive criticism theory embodied in it often to the provisions of the philosophical concept of human society life combined with the specific historical context, the real social interests as the starting point to describe the reality, using a constructive thinking different from positivism made a "judgment" for society as a whole. Thus, the critical theory has become an important element of social practice and maintain its "Unfinalizability". Hawke Heimo wants to create from first to last a kind of critical theory, but unlike Marx, he always did the theory into the practice of revolution, although at the beginning of 30s, he tried to create critical theory for the liberation of mankind the philosophy of action. In the treatment of critical theory and practice subject, the proletariat relation, he has emphasized the theoretical and political action in order to maintain separation. The critical; at the same time, he also saw to the monopoly stage from the liberal transition in capitalist society, the weakness of the proletariat. Therefore, critical theory has become a subject of lack of Utopia, in other words, as a practical philosophy critique theory has become a theoretical study of a rational criticism. This is not only reviews of his critical theory before the period and the early critical theory period thought, reflecting various philosophical problems but also have an impact on the origin of his social critique theory, and draw from their own views. For example, I do not agree with the school of philosophy and critical theory Horkheimer separated, different meaning of Nellie, denied the influence of Horkheimer's critical theory, do not agree to Horkheimer simply classified as "Hagel Marx" The "Lukacs doctrine", the genealogy of Western Marx doctrine "; at the same time reveals the contradiction of positivism attitude Hawke Heimo critical theory and critical theory in the early period, to clarify the relationship between philosophy and science on the issue of Hawke Heimo is not a rejection of science, but the theory into the field of science, trying to change a specific scientific purely empirical characteristic, and so on.

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：B089.1
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本文编号：1564524