强制与自由:康德法权学说的道德证成

发布时间：2018-03-16 08:42

本文选题：康德　切入点：自由　出处：《学术月刊》2017年05期 　论文类型：期刊论文

【摘要】：自由作为根本道德价值固然值得珍视,但是其运用依然需要受到限制甚至强制。遵循普遍的道德法则来保持自由的存在并增进其实现的可能,这一价值取向乃是康德确立法权学说的根本出发点。道德命令(分别表现为法权义务和德性义务)乃是为了确保每个人的自由与其他任何人的自由都能够在普遍原则之下得以存续和提升,所有人因此能够在一定的限制条件下自由追寻合理的目的。尽管道德法则在具体运用中呈现出外在强制和自我限制的双重面向,但是基于"融贯论"的解读方式,康德法权学说及其蕴含的强制性特征直接源于普遍性的道德命令和人自身即是目的这一价值旨趣,进而为维护和增进自由价值确立前提条件。在此意义上,纯粹实践理性及其表征的自由价值乃是证成法权原则的规范性前提,也区别于经由慎思理性确立权利和主权原则的社会契约论传统。质疑此完备性自由主义思路的"分离论"观点割裂了个体自主和公共自主的关联,从而难以展现康德道德形而上学的完整形态和根本意图,也会导致在政治正当性论证中出现诸多缺失。
[Abstract]:Freedom as a fundamental moral value should be cherished, but its application still needs to be restricted or even enforced. Follow the universal moral law to maintain the existence of freedom and enhance the possibility of its realization. This value orientation is the fundamental starting point of Kant's doctrine of positive legislative power. The moral imperative (expressed as the duty of law and duty of virtue) is to ensure that the liberty of everyone and that of anyone else is universal. Be able to survive and promote under the principle, Therefore, all people are free to pursue reasonable purpose under certain restrictive conditions. Although the application of moral law presents the dual orientation of external compulsion and self-restriction, it is based on the interpretation of "the theory of coherence". Kant's doctrine of right of law and its mandatory characteristics are directly derived from the universal moral order and the value purport of human being as the purpose, and then establish the precondition for maintaining and promoting the value of freedom. In this sense, The free value of pure practical reason and its representation is the normative premise of the principle of legal power. It is also different from the tradition of social contract theory, which establishes the principle of rights and sovereignty through careful thinking. The theory of "separation", which questions the idea of complete liberalism, separates the relationship between individual autonomy and public autonomy. Therefore, it is difficult to show the complete form and fundamental intention of Kant's moral metaphysics, which will lead to many defects in the demonstration of political legitimacy.
【作者单位】：山东大学哲学与社会发展学院;
【基金】：国家社科基金项目“制度与伦理关系研究”(13BZX017) 山东大学青年学者未来计划资助项目“制度伦理研究”(2015WLJH05)阶段性成果
【分类号】：B516.31

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