叔本华充足理由律的四重根研究

发布时间：2018-03-19 01:35

本文选题：意志　切入点：充足理由律　出处：《延边大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：一个狂傲不羁的、孤独缄默并拥有着无穷魅力的天才于1860年溘然长逝,但是他的智慧与影响却永久的流传下来。亚瑟·叔本华在整个哲学史中的地位是无法忽视的,他是历史上第一个公开反对理性主义的哲学家,并开创非理性主义哲学的先河,是唯意志论的开山鼻祖。世界的本源问题是所有哲学研究的开端,在了解本源问题的同时,哲学家们陷入了沉思,如果有一种东西或一个事物也可以说假使存在(现不考虑存"存在意义"问题)一个或一些本源,那么在本源范畴下(这里不加入康德"范畴"概念)是什么推动着事物的变化和发展,换言之是什么成为事物(世界)运动和改变的原因(我把这一过程称为"动向",在后面的论述中会有多处提及),这一概念可以粗略理解为接近于物理学中的"第一推动"理论。本文从叔本华形而上学部分最根本的核心思想来源开始总结该问题,其形而上学的理论主要来自于康德、亚里士多德、笛卡尔、斯宾诺莎和柏拉图,在一定的研究基础上亚里士多德提出事物"动向"的四种原因,分别是形式因、质料因、目的因和动力因,这四种原因分别从形式状态、构成状态、动机出发点和归宿中总结"第一推动"问题。叔本华从亚里士多德那里得到启示深化和提炼了这些原因,通过柏拉图的"理念"发展了自己的意志论思想基础,并经过对康德"物自体"概念的批判和先验理论的融糅,提出主体对象的四个层次,以及在其中居支配地位的充足理由律形式,叔本华把它叫做充足理由律的四重根。充足理由律通过这四个形式而表现出自己,他认为这四种形式并不作为证明充足理由律的原因,在现象学角度可以理解为充足理由律通过这四种形式来证明阐释原因的同时且通过其本身并自我显现。这四个形式本文总结为第一,生成的根据律。第二,认识的根据律。第三,存在的根据律。第四,行为的根据律。在第四个行为动机律上,叔本华认为每一个行为必有其动机上的原因,并从其本身证明显现,而得到一定的解释,这一研究和讨论也促使他完成他的成名巨著《作为意志和表象的世界》。所以叔本华的整体思想从纵向上看,《充足理由律的四重根》一书则是其全部哲学思想的基石和技术基础。在此之后的思想则形成非理性主义开端和唯意志论的开创。本文从其思想的源泉介入,对其四个根据律分别展开讨论和研究,不偏不倚,最大程度上保持原意,深入探讨其哲学形成的来源和理论内涵。
[Abstract]:A proud, solitary, silent and charismatic genius passed away in 1860, but his wisdom and influence passed on forever. Arthur Schopenhauer's place in the history of philosophy cannot be ignored. He was the first philosopher in history to openly oppose rationalism, and he pioneered the philosophy of irrationalism. He was the originator of the doctrine of will. The origin of the world is the beginning of all philosophical studies, and at the same time understanding the origin of the problem. Philosophers are lost in contemplation, if there is something or a thing that can be said to exist (not now considering the question of existential meaning) one or some of its origins, Well, what drives the change and development of things in the context of origin (the concept of Kant's category is not added here), In other words, what is the cause of the movement and change of things (I call this process "movement"), which will be referred to in a number of places later in the discussion, and this concept can be roughly understood as close to the "first order" in physics. The first is to push the theory. This paper begins with the source of the most fundamental core thought of Schopenhauer's metaphysics. His metaphysical theory mainly comes from Kant, Aristotle, Descartes, Spinoza and Plato. On the basis of certain research, Aristotle puts forward the four reasons of "trend" of things, namely, form cause, material reason. Objective cause and motive factor, these four kinds of reasons summarize the "first push" question in form state, constitution state, motive starting point and destination respectively. Schopenhauer gets enlightenment from Aristotle to deepen and refine these reasons. Through Plato's "idea", the author develops his own ideological basis of volition, and through the criticism of Kant's "substance" concept and the blending of transcendental theory, puts forward four levels of subject object. Schopenhauer called it the quadrilateral root of the law of sufficient reason, and the form of the law of sufficient reason in which it dominates. The law of sufficient reason expresses itself through these four forms. In his opinion, these four forms do not serve as a reason to prove the law of sufficient reason. From the phenomenological point of view, the law of sufficient reason can be understood as the law of sufficient reason to prove the explanation of the reason through these four forms and to show itself through itself. These four forms are summarized in this paper as the first, the law of the basis of the generation, and the second, On the fourth behavioral motivation law, Schopenhauer thinks that every act must have its own motive reason, and from its own proof to show, and get a certain explanation. This research and discussion also prompted him to complete his famous masterpiece, the World as will and representation. So Schopenhauer's whole thought is vertically based on all his philosophical thoughts, the Quadric Roots of the Law of sufficient reason. Stone and technical foundation. After this, the thought forms the beginning of irrationalism and the creation of volitionalism. The four principles are discussed and studied in order to be impartial, to maintain their original intention to the greatest extent, and to probe into the origin and theoretical connotation of their philosophy.
【学位授予单位】：延边大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B516.41

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