顾炎武的“众治”思想及其启示

发布时间：2018-04-10 05:41

本文选题：顾炎武　切入点：政治哲学　出处：《青海师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：明清之际,被誉为清代学术的开山之祖顾炎武,不仅深切考察社会,而且研究、评判古籍文献,留下的许多宝贵的政治思想对当时的社会改革产生十分有意义的影响。他十分看重“天子”这个政治主体在治理国家时的影响,并深刻认识到郡县制国家中政治主体在社会治理中所表现出的局限性。顾炎武从历史与现实两者间揭露了中央集权对社会治理所产生的弊端,于是他提出“寓封建之意与郡县之中”的政治体制改革的新主张。并且,顾炎武认为国家在这种政治制度下,“分天子之权”政治思想的提出,在国家内部消化,采用权力下放,地方上分工分责,来充分发展治理的功能,可以使得社会治理更加完善。顾炎武对君主集中所有权力于一身,并且用刑法和胥吏去管理臣民这样的君主专制进行了严厉的批判。顾炎武认为君臣民三者的不平等,是不合理的,他提倡人民要在政治制度中的要享有合理权力。顾炎武大胆地提出“宗子辅人君之治”的政治思想,因为他发现官爵等等官职设置在社会治理中的局限,他认为每个人都是社会治理的重要一部分,并期盼用这样体制来使得社会治理更加完善,从而弥补君主政治行为上的不足。如何使得国家的政治体制实现真正的平等?顾炎武“分权”的思想和他理想中国家制度体制蓝图,成为顾炎武政治思想中的关键内容。“分权”思想的提出,他理想中的政治即是“众治”,顾炎武把“众治”和“独治”相比较,阐述了“众治”的内涵,第一,否定郡县制所带来的“独治”;第二,把道德教化、风俗传统两者在国家治理中体现出来,相比于刑法,这两点更加重要一些。为了使的“众治”思想可以施行,他提出,普及“选举、风俗教化和请议”通过这三个举措,即使他理论上是给予民众去参与政治,但事实上大部分民众都很难参与进去。由于各种历史原因,顾炎武“众治思想”的影响范围十分有限,他的政治哲学书针对明清时期的政治状况所做出的思考,距今年数久远,但他仍然能使我们更加清晰和深刻的去理解几千年来的中国传统政治,并使我们更加全面的去思考当下我们面临的政治问题。
[Abstract]:At the time of Ming and Qing dynasties, Gu Yanwu, who was praised as the ancestor of Qing Dynasty academic, not only deeply investigated the society, but also studied and judged the ancient books and documents, leaving many valuable political thoughts which had a very significant influence on the social reform at that time.He attached great importance to the influence of the political subject "the son of Heaven" in governing the country, and deeply recognized the limitations of the political subject in the social governance of the county system.Gu Yanwu exposed the malpractice of centralization of power to social governance from both history and reality, so he put forward the new idea of political system reform of "combining feudalism with counties".Moreover, Gu Yanwu believes that under this political system, the political ideology of "the power to divide the heaven and the son" has been put forward, digested within the country, decentralized power, and division of responsibilities at the local level, to fully develop the function of governance.Can make social governance more perfect.Gu Yanwu severely criticized the monarch's autocratic monarchy with criminal law and petty officials.Gu Yanwu believes that the inequality among the monarch and the people is unreasonable. He advocates that the people should enjoy reasonable power in the political system.Gu Yanwu boldly put forward the political idea of "Zongzi Fu's ruling by the ruler" because he found that the official posts such as official posts such as official posts were limited in social government.He believed that everyone was an important part of social governance.And hope to use this system to make social governance more perfect, so as to make up for the lack of political behavior of the monarch.How can real equality be achieved in the country's political system?Gu Yanwu's thought of separation of powers and his ideal blueprint of national system became the key content of Gu Yanwu's political thought.When the idea of "separation of powers" was put forward, his ideal politics was "ruling by all". Gu Yanwu compared "public governance" with "independent governance", and expounded the connotation of "public governance". First, he denied the "sole rule" brought about by the system of counties and counties; second,Moral education, customs and traditions in the governance of the country, than the criminal law, these two more important.In order to make the idea of "rule by all" operational, he proposed that popularizing "elections, customs and proposals" should be carried out through these three measures, even though he theoretically gives the public the right to participate in politics, in fact, most people are very difficult to participate in.For various historical reasons, the influence of Gu Yanwu's thought of "public governance" is very limited. His political philosophy books have been thinking about the political situation of the Ming and Qing dynasties for a long time.But he can still make us understand the traditional Chinese politics more clearly and deeply for thousands of years, and make us think more comprehensively about the political problems we face now.
【学位授予单位】：青海师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B249.1

【参考文献】