明末至清末公私观研究

发布时间：2018-04-13 15:40

本文选题：公与私 + 天理　；参考：《中央民族大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：公私关系一直是儒家探讨的重点话题之一,也是近年来学界研究的热点问题。在历史的发展中,当国家社会面临困境之际,思想家们总是率先从公私关系做出回应,通过对公私关系的变迁来解决现实问题。公与私是儒家思想中的一对重要范畴,公与私原初并不具有价值判断的意义,"公"指以君、国为代表的公室,"私"则是以个体为代表的私家。公与私的变迁一方面是内涵的变迁,一方面是关系的变迁。在公私内涵的变迁上,公与私从描述层面的公家与私家,过度到先秦时期政治上的公正和偏私,再到宋明理学道德意上的公与私,随着时代的发展,公私内涵逐渐细化。而在公私关系上,自先秦就已经开始了对公私关系的探讨,先秦时期,儒家对公私观的探讨主要在政治层面,提倡天下为公、先公后私、公私分明;在宋明时期,理学家将公私的道德义推到了极至,存公灭私成为公私关系的主流,此种公私观影响深远,奠定了传统公私观的根基。明末至清末作为公私观发展的重要时期,其研究热度久居不下。一直以来,研究者认为明末至清末公私观的意义在于"私"的崛起。不可否定明末"私"观念的崛起是历史发展的必然趋势,在亡国、亡天下的双重背景之下,不管是上层阶级,还是普通民众,对"私"都有了新的认识和需求。然而,直到清末,"公"的至上地位也并没有被撼动。明末至清末思想家都认识到专制政体的弊端,明末思想家希望通过对君主个人"私"的约束和对民众"私"的肯定来实现公与私的平衡;清末思想家则希望引入西方民主思想对专制政体进行改革,贯通上层统治者和下层民众的言论交流。通过系统的研究,明清思想家对私肯定的实质是出于对统治阶级"私"的批判,对民众"私"的肯定仅限于合理的、必须、普遍的生存需求,仍然不是真的肯定。虽然明末至清末并没有撼动传统"公"的地位,但公私观的探索过程却对现代生活具有启示和借鉴作用。正确而客观的分析明末至清末公私关系对树立当代社会公私观具有至关重要的理论价值和现实意义。
[Abstract]:Public-private relationship has been one of the most important topics in Confucianism, and has also been a hot topic in academic circles in recent years.In the development of history, when the national society is facing difficulties, thinkers always take the lead to respond from the public-private relations and solve the practical problems through the changes of the public-private relations.Public and private are a pair of important categories in Confucian thought. Public and private are not of value judgment at the beginning. "public" refers to the public room represented by the monarch and the country, and the "private" is the private represented by the individual.The change of public and private is the change of connotation on the one hand, and the change of relationship on the other.In the change of the connotation of public and private, public and private from the level of description of public and private, to the pre-Qin period of political justice and bias, and then to Song Ming on the moral meaning of public and private, with the development of the times, the connotation of public and private gradually refined.In terms of public-private relations, the discussion on public-private relations has already begun since the pre-Qin Dynasty. During the pre-Qin period, the Confucian school mainly discussed the concept of public and private at the political level, advocating the public in the world, the public after the private, and the separation of the public and the private; during the Song Ming period,Neo-Confucianism pushed the moral meaning of the public and private to the extreme, and the public and private became the mainstream of the relationship between the public and the private, which had far-reaching influence and laid the foundation of the traditional view of public and private.From the end of Ming to the end of Qing Dynasty, as an important period of the development of the public and private view, the research heat of the research has been standing for a long time.All along, researchers believe that the significance of the public-private view lies in the rise of private from the end of Ming Dynasty to the end of Qing Dynasty.It can not be denied that the rise of the concept of "private" in the late Ming Dynasty is an inevitable trend of historical development. Under the dual background of the subjugation and the downfall of the world, both the upper class and the ordinary people have a new understanding and demand for "private".However, until the end of the Qing Dynasty, the supreme position of the "public" was not shaken.Thinkers from the late Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty realized the malpractice of the autocratic regime. The thinkers in the late Ming Dynasty hoped to realize the balance between the public and the private through the restraint of the monarch's personal "private" and the affirmation of the populace's "private".In the late Qing Dynasty, thinkers hoped to introduce western democratic ideas to reform the autocracy and to communicate between the upper rulers and the lower classes.Through systematic research, the essence of the Ming and Qing thinkers' affirmation of private is out of the criticism of the ruling class "private", and the affirmation of "private" of the masses is limited to reasonable, must, universal living needs, still not true affirmation.Although the late Ming Dynasty to the end of Qing Dynasty did not shake the status of the traditional "public", but the exploration process of the public and private view has enlightenment and reference to modern life.The correct and objective analysis of the relationship between public and private from the end of Ming to the end of Qing Dynasty is of great theoretical value and practical significance to the establishment of the view of public and private in contemporary society.
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B21

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