密尔因果理论研究

发布时间：2018-06-03 20:28

本文选题：因果关系 + 密尔五法　；参考：《湘潭大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：因果关系问题一直是西方哲学史上一个重要问题,在对这个问题的理论探索中,密尔是我们不得不提到的关键性人物。密尔他所提出的密尔五法,直到今天仍然和我们的日常推理和科学实验密切相关,并且有很重要的作用。自从古希腊伟大的哲学家亚里士多德的“四因说”中明确指出,真正的科学知识是关于寻找原因的知识,是对于原因所做的解释和说明。两千多年来,各个时代的哲学家,逻辑学家,科学家,甚至语言学家,都为因果理论研究奉献了自己的聪明与才华,才使得因果理论研究可以延绵不绝。随着研究的不断深入,因果理论研究的理论观点也越来越精细,探求因果联系的方法首推归纳法。由于受一些特殊的历史文化条件和环境的制约和影响,密尔的因果理论的提出,正是在归纳逻辑遭受休谟的质疑和沉重打击之后,很多学者纷纷表示对出归纳逻辑的质疑,这样一个时代下产生的。密尔五法的建立,主要是建立在培根的排除归纳法思想上,其中有:差异法、契合法、差异并用法(这种方法现在用的比较少)、共变法和剩余法。这五种方法被称为是探求因果关系的方法,这就将归纳法和因果理论紧密联系了起来。密尔认为所有的事情一定都是建立在因果关系之上的,而且所有的事都有其发生的原因。从哲学史中我们可以看出密尔他关于因果关系的理解是一种经验性的理解,和休谟的理解相似,但是密尔在因果关系定义中加入了无条件性,导致因果关系发生的载体由现象或事件,变成了事件存在的实体和其所属性的性质;而发生因果关系的时间次序也不是必须的条件;这样所属的范围也为之缩小,因果关系发生的载体由两种事件组成。密尔认为因果关系的核心是普遍因果律,这是经验性的理论,所以密尔就必须为其所提出的普遍因果律是因果关系核心进行合理性的解释。密尔用归纳法中的简单枚举法为普遍因果律的合理性进行辩护,然而这种辩护不是成功的,因为简单枚举法是不完全归纳法,证出的结论不是严密的。但是正因为这点,我们可以看出康德因果先验性的合理性。虽然在逻辑上密尔重归纳轻演绎,对概率论与归纳的关系的理解也仅限于简单的理解,但是他归纳逻辑和因果理论上取得的成就还是毋庸置疑的,我们应该给予他客观的评价。
[Abstract]:The question of causality has always been an important issue in the history of western philosophy. Mill is the key figure we have to mention in the theoretical exploration of this problem. Mill he proposed the mill five law, until today still closely related to our daily reasoning and scientific experiments, and has a very important role. Since ancient Greece, The great philosopher, Aristotle's "four reason", clearly points out that true scientific knowledge is the knowledge of finding the cause and the explanation and explanation of the cause. For more than two thousand years, philosophers, logic scientists, scientists and even linguists have devoted their wisdom and talent to the research of causality theory. With the continuous deepening of the research, the theoretical views of the causality theory are becoming more and more elaborate, and the method of exploring the causal connection is first pushed into the induction method. Due to the restriction and influence of some special historical and cultural conditions and environment, the theory of causality is put forward by mil. After Hume's questioning and heavy blow, many scholars have expressed doubts about the logic of induction. In such an era, the establishment of the five laws of mill is mainly based on the idea of Bacon's elimination of induction, including the difference method, the law of agreement, the difference and usage (this method is now used less), CO variation and residual law. These five methods are called the method of searching for causality, which closely links induction with the theory of causation. Mill believes that all things must be based on causality, and all things have its cause. Empirical understanding is similar to that of Hume's understanding, but mill joins in the definition of causality, which makes the carrier of causality occur from phenomenon or event to the entity and property of the event, and the time order of causality is not a necessary condition; so the scope of the subordinate is also The carrier of causality is composed of two events. Mill believes that the core of the causality is the law of universal causality. This is an empirical theory, so mill must explain the reasonableness of the universal causality law it puts forward as the core of causality. Justification is reasonable, but the defense is not successful, because the simple enumeration is an incomplete induction, and the conclusion is not strict. But because of this, we can see the rationality of Kant's priori cause and effect. Although it is logically restored, the understanding of the relationship between probability theory and induction is limited to the logic. Simple understanding, but his achievements in inductive logic and causal theory are unquestionable. We should give him an objective evaluation.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B025.5

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