孔子与苏格拉底生死观比较研究

发布时间：2018-06-16 20:28

  本文选题：孔子 + 苏格拉底　； 参考：《西南大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：世间万物存在很多现象,而从人类开始发现这个世界、改造这个世界起,人们就开始思考这个变幻莫测的世界,开始探索宇宙自然的奥秘,并转而发掘人自身。人是谁,人从哪里来,又到哪里去;人存在的意义是什么,人死后有无灵魂,人们应当如何对待生、看待死等?在对这些问题探索的过程中,人们不断反思、总结、研究逐渐形成了多种思想观念,从而有了哲学的产生。而生死问题作为人生哲学的重要研究方向,一直吸引着哲人们对其不断地求索。时至今日,哲学不断追问,科学技术日益增长,宇宙、自然、社会、人类相互交织的矛盾冲突、伦理问题,以及如何更好地认识生死,追求真理与践行使命,树立正确的伦理道德观,实现人生价值,就要从探求生命的意义开始。纵观古今中外哲人,对生与死的哲学探讨更多是严肃、谨慎的。如何面对这个问题并加以超越?对于普世众生来讲都极其重要。就中国而言,儒、道、佛三家对生死问题的谈论极具代表性;西方则有古希腊诸多思想家、几大宗教等。现代文明发展离不开中西方传统文化的传承和影响,因而对生死观的探究,更应该从文化源头去探寻。从时空和文化体系的角度来讲,作为中西方相映生辉的两位思想巨人,孔子与苏格拉底都堪称两方文化的先驱。因此本文将孔子与苏格拉底的生死观作为研究起点,帮助我们更好地在漫漫人生路中抉择。本文第一章通过对孔子与苏格拉底生死观的产生进行梳理,从历史背景、思想渊源、个人经历的视角出发,研究和分析两者生死观产生的原因,从而帮助我们整理和梳理两者生死观的基本内容。第二章主要论述两者对生与死的认识。孔子从“天祖”传承的角度,认识到人在宇宙万物的主体性,从珍爱万物、反对人殉、慎行重生来反映对生命的重视,因此人的生死具有极其重要的意义。而苏格拉底从自我认识为起点,以理性思考为前提,并不断反省自我的人生,从而提出“死可能比生更好”。第三章主要分析了两者生死观的道德内涵。孔子以构建理想社会秩序为出发点,将“仁”作为人生追求的最高境界,并以“杀身成仁”的追求方式体现了其面临生死抉择时的价值取向。苏格拉底将“善”作为人的最高目的,不断的考察自身和追求好的生活,以“舍身求善”的具有美德品质的生活方式,以求到达“至善”的可能。第四章主要分析了两者的生死超越思想。孔子从“三不朽”的具体层面出发,实现精神生命的超越,通过“孝”以及丧祭礼仪构建的家族血脉,传承和延续这种生命意志,最终实现“天人合一”的终极超越,建构宇宙、社会、生命的融通。而苏格拉底以树立“善”为目的的道德追求,摆脱肉体欲望,以纯洁的、理性的状态拷问心灵,获得美德、追求真理,从而使灵魂到达幸福的彼岸,实现人死后不朽的存在。第五章则通过对孔子与苏格拉底生死观的认识,面对现实世界对生死观哲学上的拷问,提出构建使命意识,实现生命超越。帮助我们更好地面对生与死,以及在当今社会中如何重获生死追求的意义。
[Abstract]:There are many phenomena in all things in the world, and from the beginning of human discovery of the world, people begin to think about this unpredictable world and begin to explore the mysteries of the nature of the universe and to discover the human beings. Who are people, where people come from and where they go, what is the meaning of human existence, the soul after death, people should be. In the process of how to treat life, treat death, etc.? In the process of exploring these problems, people are constantly reflecting, summarizing, and gradually forming a variety of ideas and thus the emergence of philosophy. As an important research direction of life philosophy, the question of life and death has always attracted the philosophers to keep seeking for them. With the growing science and technology, the universe, nature, society, and human intertwined conflicts, ethical problems, and how to better understand life and death, pursue truth and practice mission, establish correct ethical and moral values and realize the value of life, we should start with the meaning of life. It is serious and prudent. How to face this problem and surpass it? It is extremely important to all the people of the world. For China, the three families of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism are very representative about the question of life and death; in the West there are many thinkers and several religions in ancient Greece. The exploration of the concept of life and death should be explored from the source of culture. From the point of view of time and space and cultural system, as the two thought giants in China and the west, both Confucius and Socrates are the pioneers of the two party culture. Therefore, this paper makes the study of Confucius and Socrates as the starting point of the study, and helps us to be better at the people. The first chapter of this article, by combing the birth and death of Confucius and Socrates, from the perspective of historical background, ideological origin and personal experience, studies and analyzes the causes of the concept of life and death, which helps us to sort out and comb the basic contents of the two concepts of life and death. The second chapter mainly discusses the two aspects of life and death. From the point of view of the inheritance of "Heaven ancestors", Confucius recognizes the subjectivity of human beings in the universe. From cherishing everything, opposing people martyr, and careful rebirth to reflect the importance of life, the life and death of human beings are of great significance. And Socrates from self understanding is the starting point, rational thinking as the premise, and constantly introspection of the life of himself. Thus, "death may be better than life". The third chapter mainly analyzes the moral connotation of the concept of life and death. In order to build an ideal social order, Confucius takes "benevolence" as the highest realm of life, and embodies the value orientation of the choice of life and death with the pursuit of "killing oneself". Socrates will be "good". In the fourth chapter, the fourth chapter mainly analyzes the transcendence of life and death. From the specific level of "three immortality", the transcendence of spiritual life, through the "filial piety", through "filial piety". And the family blood which is built by the funeral rite, inherits and continues this kind of life will, and finally realizes the ultimate transcendence of "the unity of heaven and man", and constructs the harmony of the universe, society and life. And Socrates is to set up the moral pursuit of "good", to get rid of the physical desire, to torture the mind in the pure and rational state, to obtain virtue and pursue the truth. In order to make the soul reach the other side of happiness and realize the immortal existence of man after death. The fifth chapter, through the understanding of Confucius and Socrates's outlook on life and death, faces the real world's philosophical torture on life and death, proposes to construct mission consciousness and achieve life transcendence. It helps us to better ground to life and death, and how to regain it in today's society. The meaning of the pursuit of life and death.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B502.231;B222.2

【参考文献】

中国期刊全文数据库 前10条

1 吴卫琼;;从“未知生,焉知死”浅析孔子的生死观[J];学理论;2013年09期

2 马媛媛;;孔子生死观研究[J];学理论;2012年33期

3 翟奎凤;;从孔子论“生无所息”看儒家的生死哲学[J];西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版);2012年01期

4 郭鲁兵;;儒家的生死观论析[J];湖南师范大学社会科学学报;2008年06期

5 丁为祥;;命与天命:儒家天人关系的双重视角[J];中国哲学史;2007年04期

6 李荣才;孔子的“仁”与苏格拉底的“善”之比较——兼评黑格尔对孔子哲学的偏见[J];沈阳师范大学学报(社会科学版);2004年03期

7 靳凤林;苏格拉底生死观述评[J];河北大学学报(哲学社会科学版);2003年03期

8 李奋生,田建尔;古希腊哲学产生的社会背景和文化渊源[J];晋中师范高等专科学校学报;2002年01期

9 毕治国;孔子死亡观刍议[J];黑龙江社会科学;2001年02期

10 靳风林;论孔子的死亡观[J];北方论丛;2000年01期

中国博士学位论文全文数据库 前1条

1 朱清华;孔子与耶稣生死伦理之比较[D];中共中央党校;2013年

中国硕士学位论文全文数据库 前6条

1 范娜;苏格拉底与庄子生死观之比较[D];江西师范大学;2014年

2 叶菁;浅析苏格拉底的生死观[D];四川外国语大学;2014年

3 李贝贝;古希腊人的生死观探析[D];河北师范大学;2011年

4 张小建;孔子与苏格拉底生死观之比较[D];江西师范大学;2008年

5 黄瑜;苏格拉底生死哲学研究[D];南昌大学;2005年

6 郑友强;古希腊哲学认识论简论[D];中央民族大学;2004年

，

本文编号：2028003