性善论的古今解释模式与判断类型

发布时间：2018-07-25 10:05

【摘要】：古今中外的学者们在解释孟子性善论时,自觉或不自觉地建立了多种解释模式,大体有心善说、善端说、向善说、可善说、有善说、人禽说、天命说、总体说等8种。心善说认为孟子所谓的"性善"指心善;善端说认为性善指人性有善端;向善说认为性善指人性有向善趋势;可善说认为性善指人性可以为善;有善说指人性中有善(不排除也有恶);人禽说认为性善指人性相对于兽性为善;天命说认为性善指天命之性为善;总体说认为性善指人性从总体上为善。与此同时,孟子的后世解释者往往先预设了性善论建立于某种判断之上,然后对性善论展开讨论或批判,他们所预设的判断类型有如下5组10种:(1)先天判断/后天判断;(2)本质判断/特征判断;(3)全称判断/特称判断;(4)比较判断/总体判断;(5)价值判断/事实判断等。先天判断认为性善指人的先天属性为善,后天判断认为性善指人的后天属性为善;本质判断认为性善指人的本质属性为善,特征判断认为性善指人的现象特征为善;全称判断认为性善指人性全部内容皆善,特称判断认为性善指人性部分内容为善;总体判断从人性内部总体关系理解性善,比较判断从人性与禽兽比较关系理解性善;事实判断认为性善指人性事实上是善的,价值判断认为性善指人性依某价值标准是善的。这些判断类型中,特称判断、本质判断、总体判断、比较判断皆不排除人性中可能有恶,但仍可得出人性善的结论。本文在介绍这些解释模式和判断类型的同时也讨论了其优劣及问题,搞清这些对于全面总结前人解释孟子性善论的得失很有必要。
[Abstract]:In explaining Mencius' theory of sexual goodness, scholars at all times and at all times have consciously or unconsciously established a variety of interpretation models, including the theory of good with heart, the theory of good, the theory of good towards the good, the theory of human and poultry, the theory of destiny, and the general theory of eight kinds. The theory of "good of nature" of Mencius refers to the good of the heart; the theory of goodness of nature means that there is a good end in human nature; the theory of goodness of nature means that there is a tendency for human nature to be good, while the theory of good thinks that the good of nature means that human nature can be good. The theory of good refers to the good (not excluding evil) in human nature; the theory of human and poultry holds that the human nature is good relative to the animal nature; the theory of destiny thinks that the nature of nature is good; the general theory thinks that the nature of good refers to the good of humanity as a whole. At the same time, Mencius' later interpreters often presuppose that the theory of sexual goodness is based on some kind of judgment, and then discuss or criticize it. Their preset judgment types are as follows: (1) congenital / acquired judgment; (2) essential judgment / feature judgment; (3) full name / special judgment; (4) comparative / overall judgment; (5) value / fact judgment. The innate judgment thinks that the innate attribute of the human being is good, the acquired judgment thinks that the nature goodness refers to the acquired attribute of the human being, the essence judgment thinks that the nature attribute of the nature good refers to the good, the characteristic judgment thinks that the phenomenon of the nature good refers to the good. The general judgment holds that the sexual goodness refers to all the contents of human nature is good, the special judgment thinks that the sexual goodness refers to the part of the human nature as good, the general judgment understands the sexual goodness from the overall relationship within human nature, the comparative judgment from the human nature and the animal comparison, the understanding of sexual goodness from the human nature and the animal comparison. The fact judgment thinks that the sexual goodness refers to the human nature is in fact good, the value judgment thinks that the sexual goodness refers to the human nature is good according to certain value standard. Among these types of judgment, special judgment, essential judgment, general judgment and comparative judgment do not rule out the possible evil in human nature, but can still draw the conclusion of humanity good. This paper introduces these interpretation models and judgment types, and discusses their merits and demerits, which are necessary for summing up the gains and losses of Mencius' theory of goodness of nature.
【作者单位】：清华大学人文学院;
【基金】：国家社会科学基金项目“先秦秦汉‘性’字词义的多样性及其解释框架”(项目批准号:16BZX042)的成果
【分类号】：B222.5

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