海德格尔的“伦理问题”、生存结构和真理

发布时间：2018-10-25 12:59

【摘要】：马丁·海德格尔的存在思想已经深入人心,“此在”、“生存”、“真理”等等问题都被众多研究者拿来讨论。“伦理”问题却不是讨论的核心,本文意图通过海德格尔自身对“伦理”的理解将“伦理”问题还原到其应该有的原初境遇之中。海德格尔认为“伦理”这个词的含义就是“居住”,“居住”就是此在的生存,那么在生存论中一定能够找出有关“伦理”的蛛丝马迹,将“伦理”做一个生存论的解读是本文论述的重点,同时海德格尔对真理问题的讨论能够将此在的生存与伦理问题串联起来形成一个整体,因此真理问题的论述起到了串联起整个结构的作用。在海德格尔的著作中,生存是被划分为结构的,因此相应的“伦理”一定也是被划分成与之对应的结构的。本文依据生存论结构：筹划着—开展着—沉沦着将“伦理”问题也划分出了结构：罪责—明智—沉沦,这个结构中罪责、明智和沉沦乍看上去像是某种道德领域的概念,实际上同“伦理”被理解为“居住”一样,这三个词也都根植于此在最原始的生存。而真理问题在海德格尔的论述中也是被划分为某种结构的：原始的解蔽和遮蔽—既解蔽又遮蔽—彻底地遮蔽,,这个结构与生存论结构和伦理结构也是能够一一对应的,因此真理问题是串联着三层结构的一条线索。本文第一部分首先对“伦理”及“伦理学”这两个词进行词源学上的梳理,以达到厘清传统“伦理”概念和海德格尔语境下的“伦理”意义的辨析,将“伦理”理解为“居住”,而将“伦理学”理解为让这种“居住”显现出来的“学”问。因此本文也可以被理解为一种“伦理学”。第二部分分为第二章和第三章,这两章内容分别梳理海德格尔的生存论结构和真理之中的结构问题。第三部分具体论证作为伦理结构的各个部分,其中第四章是对罪责的讨论,本文将罪责和生存结构要素中的筹划等同起来,因为二者都具有先于自身而进行筹划的特性。同时罪责又兼具原始的解蔽与遮蔽,因此也可以被看成是真理的一个组成部分。第五章讨论的是明智,明智是对身边事物的周察,这其中已经暗含着此在被抛于世的状态,明智对周围事物的揭示也会造成对其他事物的遮蔽,这意味着它不仅是生存结构的一部分,也是真理结构的一部分。第六章讨论了沉沦在世,意图说明沉沦在世的状态不是否定性的,而是有其积极意义的,此在生存于世是离不开沉沦的。“伦理”虽然未经海德格尔长篇大论地阐释,但是我们还是能够在其中发现和海德格尔其他主要论证方向有关的蛛丝马迹,比如生存结构及真理,而海德格尔所认为的“伦理”之意在于“居住”也并非空穴来风。
[Abstract]:Martin Heidegger's thought of existence has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, such as "this is", "existence", "truth" and so on, all of which have been discussed by many researchers. However, the issue of ethics is not the core of the discussion. This paper intends to restore the issue of ethics to its original circumstances through Heidegger's own understanding of "ethics". Heidegger believes that the meaning of the word "ethics" is "residence" and "residence" is the existence of this being. It is the focus of this paper to interpret "ethics" as a existential theory. Meanwhile, Heidegger's discussion of truth can link the existence of "ethics" with ethical issues to form a whole. Therefore, the discussion of the truth problem plays the role of the whole structure in series. In Heidegger's works, existence is divided into structures, so the corresponding "ethics" must also be divided into corresponding structures. This paper is based on the existential structure: planning-developing-sinking-dividing "ethical" issues into structures: guilt-wise-sinking, in which guilt, wisdom, and degradation seem at first sight to be some kind of concept in the realm of morality. In fact, as ethics is understood as residence, these three words are rooted in the primal existence. The truth problem is also divided into some structure in Heidegger's discourse: the original uncovering and shading-both uncovering and shading completely, this structure can also correspond to the existential structure and ethical structure one by one. So the truth problem is a clue in a three-layer structure. In the first part of this paper, the etymological analysis of the two words "ethics" and "ethics" is carried out in order to clarify the traditional concept of "ethics" and the meaning of "ethics" in Heidegger's context. "Ethics" is understood as "residence", while "ethics" is understood as "learning" to make this kind of "residence" manifest. Therefore, this article can also be understood as an "ethics". The second part is divided into the second chapter and the third chapter, which respectively combs Heidegger's existential structure and the structural problems in truth. The third part is the concrete demonstration as each part of the ethical structure, among which the fourth chapter is the discussion of the crime responsibility, this article equates the crime responsibility with the existence structure element, because both have the characteristic of planning ahead of themselves. At the same time, the guilt and the original masking can also be regarded as a component of the truth. The fifth chapter is about wisdom. Wisdom is the observation of things around us, which is implicit in this state of being left in the world, and the revelation of wisdom to the things around us will also cause the obscuration of other things. This means that it is not only a part of the structure of existence, but also a part of the structure of truth. The sixth chapter discusses the sinking in the world, with the intention to show that the state of the sinking is not negative, but has its positive significance, which is inseparable from the sinking in the world. Although "ethics" has not been explained at length by Heidegger, we can still find clues related to Heidegger's other major directions of argument, such as the structure of existence and truth. In Heidegger's opinion, the meaning of "ethics" is that "living" is not groundless.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：B516.44

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