对高二学生电磁学错误概念的调查与分析

发布时间：2018-04-29 07:39

本文选题：高中物理 + 电磁学　；参考：《华东师范大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：物理概念是物理研究者在对客观世界进行感性认识之后,通过头脑对感性材料加工、抽象提炼出来的思维产物,是物理学习的重要环节。20世纪70年代以来,关于学生对物理概念的学习、错误概念的形成以及概念转变的研究成为了物理教育者的关注重点之一,其中以力学领域的研究最为集中。电磁学作为高中物理课程的核心内容之一,一直也是高中物理中的重难点,但相关研究却比较少。本研究借鉴了国外CSEM和BEMA电磁学前概念测试卷,结合国外Peer Interaction课堂关于电磁感应的讨论题。根据上海市物理课程标准对上述测试卷进行改编,编制了高中生电磁学概念问卷,在笔者所在学校以高二选科物理的学生作为问卷发放者。通过前、后两次测试调查研究高二学生在电磁学学习过程中的错误概念。通过数据分析,有以下结论：1.被测学生在前测中表现出在学习高中电磁学概念之前,对电磁学概念知之甚少。因此他们对电磁学概念的建构主要在高中电磁学的课堂教学中。2.高二学生对电磁学的错误概念集中在以下几个方面：(1)认为电荷大的带电体对电荷小的带电体施加更大的力(2)认为负电荷受力的方向即为电场线的方向(3)对电场线的认识停留在书本的图形上,无法在新的情境中进行正确判断(4)容易混淆公式W=qU和W=FS(5)无法通过等势面正确判断电场强度的大小与方向(6)认为通过电流大的导线会对通过电流小的导线施加更大的力(7)对磁体周围的磁场方向认识不清(8)对法拉第定律等相关知识处于识记层面,无法灵活运用于新的问题中3.不同性别学生在前测中的表现没有显著差异。但在后测中男生的平均分高于女生平均分,说明不同性别的学生对电磁学概念的理解存在差异性。女生比男生更容易受文字、已有图形等影响,在逻辑分析和建立模型的能力上低于男生。
[Abstract]:Physics concept is the thinking product abstracted from the perceptual materials processed by the mind after the physical researchers know the objective world. It is an important link in physics study since the 1970s. The study of students' learning of physics concepts, the formation of wrong concepts and the change of concepts have become one of the focuses of physics educators, especially in the field of mechanics. As one of the core contents of high school physics course, electromagnetism has always been the most important and difficult part in senior high school physics, but there are few related researches. This study draws lessons from foreign CSEM and BEMA pre-concept test papers, combined with the discussion on electromagnetic induction in foreign Peer Interaction classroom. According to the Shanghai Physics Curriculum Standard, a questionnaire on electromagnetic concept of senior high school students was compiled, and the students of physics were chosen as the questionnaire issuers in the author's school. The first and last two tests were conducted to investigate the wrong concepts in the process of electromagnetics study. Through the analysis of the data, the following conclusion is drawn: 1. The tested students showed that they knew little about the concept of electromagnetism before learning the concept of electromagnetism in senior high school. Therefore, they construct the concept of electromagnetism mainly in the classroom teaching of high school electromagnetism. The misconception of electromagnetics of the sophomore students focuses on the following aspects: 1) A charged body with a large charge exerts a greater force on a charged body with a small charge. (2) the direction in which the negative charge is charged is the direction of the electric field line /) the electric field line is the direction in which the negative charge is charged. The understanding of the book stays on the figure, It is easy to confuse the formula W=qU and WFS5) the magnitude and direction of electric field intensity can not be correctly judged by isopotential surface. The force 7) is at the level of memory about the direction of the magnetic field around the magnet (8) about Faraday's law. Can not be used flexibly in the new problem 3. There was no significant difference in the performance of students of different genders in the pre-test. However, the average score of boys was higher than that of girls in the post test, which indicated that there were differences in the understanding of electromagnetic concepts among students of different genders. Girls are more likely than boys to be influenced by words, existing figures and so on, and are lower than boys in logic analysis and modeling.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：G633.7

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