美国刑事错案救济模式中的无辜者计划研究

发布时间：2018-01-22 22:31

本文关键词： 错案无辜者计划洗冤民间组织　出处：《山东大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】："由人类主宰司法存在着天然的缺陷,这决定了刑事错案在相当长时间内不可能避免。" ①刑事错案所造成的负面影响是巨大的,这种负面影响不仅表现在对国家司法权威、司法公正的破坏,而且表现为对相关刑事诉讼参与人权利的侵害。因此,对于刑事错案的预防和救济是任何一个国家司法工作的重点。但事实上,司法活动存在的地方就会有刑事错案。无论一个国家的司法制度如何健全完备,司法工作人员如何公平公正,只要进行诉讼活动,就可能会有错案的出现。虽然刑事错案在一定程度上面是无法避免的,但是我们仍可以通过完善司法制度降低错案的发生率,减轻错案发生后造成的损害。建立并完善刑事错案救济模式,强化刑事错案救济在是我国法治社会建设中的重要工作,建立完善同时我们也需要借鉴诸多国家的有益经验。美国是典型的联邦制国家,在不同的州存在着不同的司法体制。但是对于刑事错案的救济在总体上存在着官方救济与民间救济两大途径。在民间救济中最具有影响力的应属无辜者计划,其在美国的刑事错案的救济中发挥了很大的作用,是社会力量参与刑事错案救济的典型。本文主要分为四部分,第一部分是对刑事错案的简析和刑事错案救济模式的探究。刑事错案救济模式主要分为诉权救济模式和权力制约模式两种。第二部分主要是无辜者计划的介绍。指出无辜者计划的成立,描述无辜者计划的发展状况,并介绍无辜者计划的运作程序。第三部分是对无辜者计划的评价和现实困境的阐述。本部分主要首先从实证分析和价值评价两个部分评价无辜者计划,其次介绍无辜者计划的现实困境,详细叙述其在运行中所遇到的问题障碍,及其自身所固有的局限性。第四部分是对我国目前民间洗冤组织的介绍,主要指出目前我国社会参与刑事错案救济的现状,介绍我国目前已经成立的民间洗冤组织,并提出合理化的构建构想。
[Abstract]:"there are natural defects in the administration of justice by human beings, which determines that criminal misdeeds cannot be avoided for a long time." (1) the negative effects caused by criminal misdeeds are enormous. This negative impact not only on the national judicial authority, judicial justice damage, but also on the rights of the relevant criminal proceedings participants. The prevention and relief of criminal error cases is the focus of any country's judicial work. But in fact, where judicial activities exist, there will be criminal wrong cases. No matter how sound a country's judicial system is. Judicial staff how fair and impartial, as long as litigation activities, there may be wrong cases, although the criminal error in a certain extent is unavoidable. However, we can still improve the judicial system to reduce the incidence of wrong cases, reduce the damage caused by the occurrence of wrong cases, and establish and improve the criminal malpractice relief model. Strengthening the remedy of criminal misdemeanor is an important work in the construction of our country's society ruled by law. At the same time, we also need to learn from the beneficial experience of many countries. The United States is a typical federal country. There are different judicial systems in different states, but there are two main ways of official relief and folk remedy on the whole. The most influential among the folk remedies should be the innocent plan. It has played a great role in the relief of the wrong criminal cases in the United States, and it is a typical example of social forces participating in the remedy of criminal misdemeanours. This article is mainly divided into four parts. The first part is the brief analysis of the criminal wrong case and the inquiry of the criminal wrong case relief mode, which is mainly divided into two kinds: the right of action relief mode and the power restriction mode. The second part is the introduction of the innocent person plan. Point to the establishment of the innocent plan. Describe the development of the innocent plan. The third part is the evaluation of the innocent plan and the exposition of the realistic predicament. This part mainly evaluates the innocent plan from the empirical analysis and the value evaluation two parts. Secondly, it introduces the realistic predicament of the innocent plan, and describes in detail the problems and obstacles encountered in its operation, and its inherent limitations. Part 4th is an introduction to the current civil organizations of grievance laundering in our country. This paper mainly points out the present situation of our society's participation in the remedy of criminal error cases, introduces the civil organizations for the laundering of grievances that have been set up at present in our country, and puts forward the rational construction idea.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D971.2;DD915.3

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