传统文化语境下的晚清宪政与富强之路

发布时间：2018-02-24 06:41

本文关键词： 传统文化语境宪政富强　出处：《西南政法大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：鸦片战争一爆发就注定着中国三千年未有之大变局之开始，其变化实质就是东方文明与西方文明的碰撞，也是三千年来东西方文明自身发展轨迹的碰撞。在这场碰撞中一直领先世界的中国文明在船坚利炮面前败下阵来，不得不屈服于以自然科技和民主宪政为核心的西方物质和制度文明。长期以先进文明为傲的中国人开始探索思考，悉心求索救国救民之路，如何实现国家的独立富强。西方文明以武力的方式进入中国改变着中国人对世界的看法、对封建专制的看法。其中，林则徐、魏源、徐继ul等人首先开始睁眼看世界，主张“师夷长技以制夷”，主张向西方学习器物制度，学习它的船坚利炮，从而在军事力量上对抗西方武装侵略。这个观点后面被洋务运动派曾国藩、李鸿章等体制之内的官僚所吸收，在实践层面上进行推广，从长期封闭保守的封建桎梏中打开一道自由经济的缺口。以“自强”和“求富”为目标的洋务运动带来的经济发展有意无意地造就了新的资本家和新的官僚群体，培育了新的知识分子，传播了新的思想理念。早期维新派就伴随洋务运动而生，他们认为学习西方应以选择宪政制度为第一要务，通过开议院、通民情达到君民共主，并批评洋务派只知道学习西方器物的局限性。而事实上，因为政治和文化保守主义的阻挠，洋务运动的“自强”和“求富”不可能获得成功。甲午海战就是深刻的例子。其失败的直接原因是保守派与顽固派对购买先进武器的责难和阻挠。对此后果，李鸿章在1880年购买铁甲船奏议中预言：“若机会一失，中国永无购铁甲之日，既永无自强之日”。不幸的是，这一预言在甲午海战中得到证明，同时它也证明改良派观点的正确性。为此，康有为等维新派接过改良派的火炬登上历史舞台，在对孔子思想改造的基础上上书光绪皇帝建议施行君主立宪制度；孙中山也在此时开始为推翻满清专制、建立共和政府而发动武装革命。至此，为独立富强而要求立宪的种子在经过长期的孕育之后开始生根发芽，并且它在孕育之初就包含了20世纪的立宪果实。列强对华战争虽然在整体意义上是破坏的，但是其客观效果却加紧了立宪进程。虽然维新派因为顽固派的反扑而遭到失败，但在八国联军侵华后顽固派却被清算，民主立宪政治阻碍力量被大大削弱，朝廷政府痛定思痛之下也开始下谕新政。以1905年为界限，清末新政逐渐从经济领域到政治领域。经济决定上层建筑。1905前的经济发展给之后的立宪准备了一定的物质基础和阶级基础，其中典型的就是培育了觉悟较高、能力较强、视野较广的立宪派。基于富强与救亡的宪政效果认识，这些力量越来越壮大的立宪派要求立宪的声音越来越高涨，加上革命运动越来越高涨和国际危机越来越严重的形势迫使清政府不得不考虑立宪，以达到“皇权稳固”、“外患减轻”、“消弭革命”的目的。清政府于是派出五大臣出洋考察宪政，下谕仿行宪政，先行官制改革，出台《钦定宪法大纲》，设立资政院和咨议局，实施地方自治，初步实现了君主政体向立宪政体第一次转变。但是由于后期政治形势无法控制，加之清政府的“皇族内阁”欺骗立宪派，各地立宪派大为失望，迫使清政府出台《宪法重大信条十九条》。但为时已晚，武昌起义已经断送了它的救命价值。纵观晚清宪政富强之路，其过程完全置于传统文化与政治的语境之下。每一步历程都凝聚着探索者的艰辛与辛苦，甚至生命。但是宪政本身是一个舶来品。它在西方的发展历程告诉我们其具有上千年的历史，其存在的条件依赖于一定程度的社会背景、经济发展、公民意识和宪政文化等等。要想在与西方社会完全迥异的中国社会中“毕其功于一役”是不可能的。如何与中国本土文化、政治生态以及国民意识有机共存并相互促进，就是一个长期努力奋斗的过程。这亟需国民的耐心与妥协，也需要当政者的高瞻远瞩和非凡智慧。但是，，清末宪政实施没有这些起码的条件，尤其是在慈禧太后和光绪皇帝去世后更没有这种可以担当的人物，所以其最终没有成功。反而因为满洲贵族的自私自利埋葬了宝贵的立宪救赎机会，最终成为自身的掘墓人。究其原因，笔者认为系清朝既有制度和政治生态本身无法克服的矛盾而决定：皇权体制与民主宪政的矛盾、满汉之间的矛盾、中央与地方的矛盾、传统文化与宪政思想的矛盾。而在偶然性上讲，如果当时的掌权者是光绪，而不是慈禧，可能事情就会顺利一点。但历史不容假设，也正是这样给人们开了一个玩笑，使得中国人付出上百年的代价，一直到今天。
[Abstract]:The Opium War broke out three thousand years to China doomed with no great changes, its essence is the change of the collision of eastern and Western civilizations, but also three thousand years of Western civilization in their own development path. In this collision collision has been in front of the ship Jianli cannon defeated the world's leading China to civilization. Yield to Western material and institutional civilization in natural science and democracy as the core. In the long-term advanced civilization is proud of the Chinese began to explore the thinking of seeking care, saving the country's road, how to realize the independence and prosperity of the country.
Western civilization to force a way into the China Chinese changing view of the world, the feudal autocratic view. Among them, Lin Zexu, Wei Yuan, Xu Ji UL et al first began to open your eyes and see the world, advocates "learning technology to the barbarians", advocated the objects to study western learning system, its ship Kenny cannon to fight Western armed aggression in military power. The idea behind the westernization movement represented by Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang absorbed within the bureaucratic system, promotion in practice, from the long-term conservative feudal shackles opened a self by the economic gap. In "Westernization Movement self-reliance" and "for the rich" as the goal to bring economic development to create a new capitalist naturally or half unconsciously and new bureaucratic groups, cultivate new intellectuals, dissemination of new ideas. The early reformers with westernization movement. And they think For learning the West should to choose the first constitutional system, through the open house, through the people reached the constitutional monarchy, and criticized the westernization movement only know the limitations of Western learning objects. But in fact, because of the political and cultural conservatism obstruct the Westernization Movement of "self-reliance" and "rich" can not get the Sino Japanese war is successful. Profound examples. The direct reason is the failure of the Conservative Party and stubborn buy advanced weapons of blame and obstruction. In consequence, Li Hongzhang predicted that buy ironclads memorials in 1880: "if the opportunity loss, Chinese never purchase armor, not only without the self-reliance of the unfortunate day." yes, this prediction has been proved in the Sino Japanese War, it also proved the correctness of the reformist view. Therefore, Kang Youwei and other reformers took the reformist torch boarded the stage of history, based on the transformation of Confucius's Thought on The book the emperor suggested the implementation of constitutional monarchy; Sun Zhongshan had begun to overthrow the Qing monarchy, the founding of the Republic and launched an armed revolution. Thus, for the independence and constitutional requirements after a long gestation seed germination and it begins to take root, in pregnant at the beginning of twentieth Century. The fruit contains a constitutional
Although the war powers in the overall sense is destroyed, but the result is stepping up a constitutional process. Although the reformers because the die hards and counterattack failed, but in the Eight Power Allied forces after the die hards are liquidated, democratic constitutional political obstacle is greatly weakened, the government also began under the king as a warning for the future the new deal. In 1905 as the boundary, in the late Qing Dynasty gradually from the economic field to the political field. The economy determines the superstructure.1905 before the economic development to prepare constitutionalism after certain material and class basis, which is typical of the cultivation of higher consciousness, strong ability, wide view of Constitutionalism Faction. Understanding prosperity and salvation the effect of these forces based on the constitutionalism, constitutional growing constitutional sends the request sounds more and more high, and the revolutionary movement rising and the international crisis more and more serious The situation forced the Qing government to consider constitutional, in order to achieve the "imperial solid", "foreign aggression," reduce "eliminate revolution". The Qing government sent five minister go abroad to study constitutional decree follow constitutional reform, first, the introduction of "imperial constitution outline", set up information administration institute and the Advisory Council, the implementation of local autonomy and initially realized the monarchy to constitutional regime change for the first time. But because of the late political situation can not be controlled, so the Qing government's "Royal cabinet" to deceive the constitutionalists, around the constitutionalists greatly disappointed, forced the Qing government promulgated "the constitution of nineteen significant creeds. But it was too late, the Wuchang uprising has ruined its life value.
Throughout the late Qing constitutional road to prosperity under the context of the process in traditional culture and politics. Every step of the process embodies the explorer of the hardships and hard work, and even life. But the Constitution itself is an exotic. It tells us the development process in the West has a history of thousands of years, the existing conditions of dependence to a certain degree of social background, economic development, civic awareness and constitutional culture and so on. In order to completely different from western society Chinese society "accomplish the whole task at one stroke" is not possible. How to China and local culture, political ecology and national consciousness organic coexistence and mutual promotion, is a long-term effort struggle and compromise to the patient. The national needs of those in power and intellect to look far ahead from a high plane. However, none of these constitutional implementation of minimum conditions, especially in the Empress Dowager Ci Xi and light After the emperor's death and no thread can play this character, so the final without success. But because of the nobility of Manchuria buried precious constitutional egoistic redemption opportunities, eventually becoming its own gravedigger. The reason, I think the Department of Qing Dynasty as the contradiction system and political ecological itself cannot overcome the contradiction and decide: Imperial System democratic constitutionalism and the contradiction between man and the contradiction between the central and local governments, the contradiction between the traditional culture and constitutional thought. But in the contingency perspective, if the ruler is in, and not Ci Xi, may everything will go a bit. But history can not be assumed, it is to give people a a joke, the Chinese pay hundreds of years of price, until today.

【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D929

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