中韩环境侵权责任的比较研究

发布时间：2018-04-05 08:38

本文选题：韩国　切入点：环境侵权责任　出处：《延边大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：环境侵权责任成为特殊的侵权问题,是当今社会须急切解决的问题,环境损害赔偿纠纷也成为了现今审判上的热点和难点问题。我国从80年代开始重视环境侵权责任的问题。从1982《宪法》到2009年《侵权责任法》,环境侵权责任一直不断的发展和完善,但是因为《侵权责任法》出台时间不久,实际操作上有着很多漏洞,实践中也存在着诸多问题。韩国环境侵权的研究时间比我们国家早,法规、学说和判例的结合形成了较为完整的环境侵权责任法体系。对于受污者的保护上也有着很好的实践经验。本文想通过中韩比较介绍韩国的环境侵权责任制度,并希望通过比较中韩两国的环境侵权责任制度能探索出完善中国环境侵权责任制度的方法。本文主要从三方面论述了中韩环境侵权责任。首先,介绍了中国的环境侵权责任。基本内容包括概念、归责原则、构成要件、诉讼时效的适用等。我国环境侵权责任的归责原则采严格责任,即无过错责任。环境侵权责任适用举证责任倒置原则。环境侵权责任是我国侵权责任法中属于特殊侵权责任,所以适用特殊的诉讼时效。其次,介绍了韩国有关环境侵权责任。基本内容包括概念、特征、归责原则、构成要件、诉讼时效。韩国从70年代开始关注环境侵权责任问题。自1963年制定《公害防止法》以来,主要以不法行为法、物权法、相关公法为依据并结合学说和判例来解决环境污染纠纷问题。最后,本文通过对中韩两国环境侵权责任的相关制度比较研究,分析了两国制度的优劣,提出了我国如何借鉴韩国的环境侵权责任制度的相关规定来完善我国环境侵权责任法的立法建议。首先,在比较分析中韩环境侵权责任归责原则的基础上,提出中国应对物理性的环境污染规定过错责任原则,在一定程度上限制受污染者在环境侵权责任中的地位,给予污染者一定程度的保护来保障社会公平问题；在过错责任的适用上,应借鉴韩国过失责任原则,这样有利于保护劣势地位的受污者；在环境侵权责任构成要件上须单设违法性,并借鉴韩国违法性中‘忍受限度’的判断标准来完善构成要件的理论问题；在因果关系的推定上,中国使用特殊的举证责任方式,即举证责任倒置,韩国是以盖然性说和新盖然性说等学说来指导因果关系。其次,对多数污染者造成的损害赔偿责任,我国应借鉴韩国多数污染者造成损害责任的原理。受污者证明污染者的行为与损害结果有因果关系时,由被证明造成损害的污染者来承担责任。污染者能证明自己的行为与损害结果没有因果关系的时可以免责。污染者证明自己的行为与部分损害结果有因果关系时,只对部分承担相应责任。在不符合上述情形时,应对损害结果承担连带赔偿责任。再次,本文对环境侵权责任的免责条件和减轻事由进行了比较研究。我国应借鉴韩国对于应运用比防止义务更严格的预见可能性作为因不可抗拒的自然灾害而不承担责任的事由,这样更有利于保护环境和受污者的利益。对于自然灾害导致的损害也应规定相应的减轻责任,应以比例免除自然灾害导致的部分。如此一来,更能让受污者得到有利的救济；在环境侵权责任的承担方式上,应借鉴韩国的禁止请求权制度来完善我国排出妨害承担方式的体系。最后,比较分析了中韩两国在司法实践中对环境侵权责任的救济方式。我国应借鉴韩国环境纠纷调解委员会的调解制度,完善我国环境纠纷解决机制的不足。在诉讼救济方式下,应借鉴韩国禁止请求权的诉讼制度来完善排出妨害诉讼救济的缺陷；在损害赔偿诉讼上,应借鉴韩国的担保制度来完善我国环境侵权损害赔偿执行难的问题。另外,在诉讼时效的适用上应借鉴韩国相关诉讼时效的规定：‘从受污染者知道被损害或知道加害人之日起的3年,从侵权行为之日起的10年。’这样更有利于保护受污者的权益,同时督促受污者在法定期限内行使自己的诉讼权利。
[Abstract]:Environmental tort liability as a special tort problem, is a problem urgently required in today's society, environmental damage compensation dispute has become a hot and difficult problem in the trial. In China from 80s began to pay great attention to the problem of environmental tort liability. From 1982< to 2009 constitution > < tort law >, environmental tort liability has been constantly develop and perfect, but because the "tort liability law > issued time soon, the actual operation has many loopholes, in practice there are many problems. The study of Korea environmental tort earlier than our country, laws and regulations, combined with the theory and case law formed a relatively complete system of environmental tort liability. For protection from pollution who also has a very good experience. This paper through the comparison between China and Korea to introduce Korean environmental tort liability system, and hope that through the comparison of China and South Korea environmental tort liability system To find a perfect China method of environmental tort liability system.
This paper mainly from the three aspects of Korean environmental tort liability. Firstly, introduces the environmental tort liability China. Basic content includes the concept, principle of imputation, constitutive requirements, the limitation of action application. The imputation principles of liability of environmental tort in China adopted strict liability, the liability without fault. The environmental tort liability for burden of proof the principle of inversion. The environmental tort liability is a special tort liability in tort law of China, so the application of special litigation. Secondly, introduces relevant Korean environmental tort liability. The basic contents include concept, characteristic, principle of imputation, constitutive requirements, the limitation of action. South Korea from 70s began to pay attention to the environmental tort liability problem since. < > in 1963 to develop pollution prevention law, mainly by illegal behavior law, property law, public law as the basis and combined with the related theory and case to solve the disputes of environmental pollution. At last, this paper. Comparative study on the related system of China and South Korea environmental tort liability, analyzes both the merits of the system, put forward the relevant provisions of our country to draw lessons from Korea's environmental tort liability system of legislation to perfect our environmental tort liability law.
First of all, based on the comparative analysis of Korean environmental tort liability imputation principle, put forward the principle of fault liability provisions of environmental pollution Chinese to physical, limited by the pollution in the environmental tort liability to a certain extent, position, giving the pollution degree of protection to ensure social justice issues; in the application of fault liability. We should learn from South Korea, the principle of fault liability, which is conducive to the protection of the inferior position of the polluted; in there should be a single set of illegality of environmental tort liability, and learn from South Korea illegality "bear limit" judgment standard to improve the constitution theory; in the causation presumption, China proof responsible for special use, the inversion of the burden of proof, South Korea is new to probability and probability theory to guide the causal relationship.
Secondly, most of the pollution liability caused by damage to the principle, China should learn from South Korea's most pollution liability for damage caused by the polluted. The pollution proof behavior and damage the causal relationship, the pollution damage caused by the proven responsibility. Polluters can prove their behavior and the damage results there is no causal relationship between the exemption. The pollution that damage behavior and part of the results of their own relationship, to bear the corresponding responsibility. In do not meet the above conditions, to deal with the damage results liable for compensation.
Again, the environmental tort liability exemption conditions and reduced reason are studied. China should learn from South Korea to apply than duty to prevent more stringent foresee the possibility as without liability due to irresistible natural disasters cause, this is more conducive to protecting the environment and pollution of stakeholders for. Natural disasters caused by damage should also be provided the corresponding less responsibility, should be in proportion to avoid natural disasters. In this way, can let the polluted get favorable relief; way take in the environmental tort liability, we should draw lessons from Korea's ban request right system to perfect our country from nuisance bear system.
Finally, a comparative analysis of the two countries on the relief of environmental tort in judicial practice. The environmental dispute mediation committee should draw lessons from Korea's mediation system in our country, to improve our environmental dispute settlement mechanism. In the lawsuit relief way, we should draw lessons from Korea banned claim litigation system to improve the defects from nuisance litigation relief; compensation litigation, should learn from South Korea's security system to improve China's environmental tort compensation difficult problem. In addition, the relevant provisions of South Korea should learn from the limitation of action in the applicable statute of limitations: "know know the offender is damaged or the date of 3 years from the contaminated. From the tort of the date of 10 years." so as to better protect the interests of the polluted, polluted and urged to exercise their litigation rights within the statutory period.

【学位授予单位】：延边大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D931.26;D923

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