论西班牙二十世纪七十年代未宪政改革

发布时间：2018-04-16 01:31

本文选题：宪政改革 + 民主化　；参考：《华东政法大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：经过弗朗哥统治时期两个阶段的经济振兴,西班牙从一个农业国转变为工业国,旅游业带动了第三产业的发展,加之对外输出的劳工每年向国内汇入大量外汇,西班牙成为世界富裕国家之一,出现了一个渴望通过和平方式完成民主化转型的社会力量,在领导层也出现了自由主义倾向,三位经济部长的上任等人事变动以及西班牙与美国的盟友关系都极大削弱了长枪党人的势力。《宗教自由法》、《新闻出版法》、《刑法典》都在弗朗哥统治的末期得到修订,预示着民主化改革的端倪。 1975年11月1日弗朗哥去世,胡安·卡洛斯继位成为国王,西班牙人民急切地渴望政治体制改革,在民主制度下对国家的政治安排行使决定权,卡洛斯国王顺应民意任命苏亚雷兹为西班牙首相,任命民主主义人士在政府中担任要职,为西班牙政权向民主化过渡做出必要的人事准备,以便着手推动宪政改革。苏亚雷兹上台后,起草了《政府改革法》提交议会审议,宣布工人社会党和西班牙共产党等左翼反对派的合法性,对军队也作出了一定的人事调整。1976年底,《政府改革法》获得议会和全民公决的通过,确立了成立一个两院制的议会,并由经大选产生的议会起草一部确立民主政体的新宪法的两部走方略。1977年6月,以首相苏亚雷兹为首的“民主中心联盟”赢得大选,占参、众两院多数议席。随后新选举产生的议会开始制定宪法。1978年12月6日,全民公决以88%的赞成票通过了宪法,西班牙政治进入一个新的时代。《1978年西班牙王国宪法》的颁布意味着弗朗哥独裁体制在西班牙的终结,民主政体由此诞生。该宪法规定西班牙的国家主权属于人民,政体是议会君主制,国王为虚位君主,代表国家却不享有实权。西班牙设立参、众两院制议会,两院各自独立又相互制衡。宪法设专章概括和列举公民的基本权利和自由,与《世界人权宣言》所宣扬的人权保障理念保持高度的一致。与此同时,宪法对基本权利的保护设立了保护性上诉程序,公民在基本权利受侵害时有权通过司法程序要求权利的恢复,该程序最终是由独立的宪法法院提供保障的。宪法规定政府由首相、副首相、大臣和法律规定的任何其他成员组成,首相的权力是建立在议会信任的基础之上的,其主要职责是领导政府和协调各成员的工作。西班牙设立宪法法院保障宪法的运行。 1986年,西班牙加入欧共体,这代表着西班牙的政治制度获得欧洲民主国家的认同,西班牙正式完成了“从法律通过法律到法律”的民主化转型。
[Abstract]:After the two stages of economic revitalization during Franco's reign, Spain changed from an agricultural country to an industrial country. Tourism led to the development of the tertiary industry. In addition, the foreign workers exported to the country poured in a large amount of foreign exchange every year.Spain has become one of the richest countries in the world, with a social force that aspires to democratic transition through peaceful means, and a liberal tendency in the leadership.The changes in the three economic ministers and Spain's alliance with the United States have greatly weakened the power of the Lance Gun. The Freedom of Religion Act, the Press and publication Act, and the Penal Code were all revised in the late days of Franco's rule.Foreshadowing the beginning of democratic reform.When Franco died on 1 November 1975, Juan Carlos became king, and the Spanish people were eager to reform the political system and exercise the right to decide the political arrangements of the country under a democratic system.King Carlos responded to public opinion by appointing Suarez as Spanish prime minister, appointing Democrats to important positions in the government, and making the necessary personnel preparations for the transition of the Spanish regime to democratization in order to proceed with constitutional reform.After Suarez came to power, he drafted a "government reform law" to be submitted to Parliament for consideration, declaring the legitimacy of the left-wing opposition, such as the Socialist Party of Workers and the Spanish Communist Party.At the end of 1976, the "Government Reform Law" was passed by Parliament and a referendum, establishing a bicameral parliament.In June 1977, the "Democratic Center Alliance", headed by Prime Minister Suarez, won the general election, which occupied the Senate and the House of Representatives.On December 6, 1978, the Constitution was adopted by a referendum of 88%, and Spanish politics entered a new era.The promulgation of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Spain in 1978 marked the end of Franco dictatorship in Spain and the birth of democracy.The Constitution states that the sovereignty of Spain belongs to the people, that the government is a parliamentary monarchy, that the king is a hypocratic monarch, and that he represents the country but does not have real power.Spain has a Senate, a bicameral parliament, each independent and checks and balances.The Constitution has a special chapter outlining and enumerating the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens, which is highly consistent with the concept of human rights protection proclaimed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.At the same time, the Constitution establishes a protective appeal procedure for the protection of fundamental rights, and citizens have the right to claim the restoration of their rights through judicial proceedings when their fundamental rights are infringed, which is ultimately guaranteed by an independent Constitutional Court.The Constitution provides that the Government shall be composed of the Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Minister, the Minister and any other member prescribed by law. The powers of the Prime Minister shall be based on the trust of Parliament, and its main functions shall be to lead the Government and to coordinate the work of the members.Spain set up a Constitutional Court to guarantee the operation of the Constitution.In 1986, Spain joined the European Community, which represented the recognition of Spain's political system by European democracies, and Spain officially completed the democratic transition from law to law.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D909.9

【参考文献】