安乐死非犯罪化研究

发布时间：2018-08-05 11:07

【摘要】：随着社会的不断发展,人类文明的不断进步,人类的死亡观也在逐步演变,在不同的生存环境和条件下,人们对死亡的态度有着截然不同的改变,安乐死便是人类死亡观念一步步提升的产物。进入二十世纪后,有关安乐死的案例开始频繁出现,安乐死问题开始在世界范围内被讨论和研究。受国外安乐死运动的影响,在我国也引起了各领域学者、专家及公众的广泛关注和激烈争论。安乐死是一个涉及伦理学、医学、法学等众多学科的综合性问题。对于安乐死,存在赞成和反对两种观点。各国的法律对安乐死采取的态度也不同,有的法律上允许安乐死,有的在法律上把安乐死当成是犯罪,到目前为止,尚未取得一致意见。上世纪八十年代以来,我国对安乐死的讨论也日渐增多。从近年人们关于安乐死的讨论情况来看,在我国赞成安乐死、主张应当为安乐死立法的人一直很多。从1994年起,几乎在每年的全国人大会议上,都有代表提出关于安乐死立法的议案。在当代社会,为制定政策和立法之目的,审视安乐死必须立足伦理,要围绕生命价值、个人自由和人权保障等来看待问题。讨论安乐死的最佳情景是国家经济、法制、医疗保障和公民的观念达到一定的发达水准,根本问题是病人的自由意志能够在物质和精神高度文明的基础上得到保障。从伦理上来讲,绝对禁止或全面开放安乐死均不可取,我国社会目前不具备讨论安乐死的理想条件,从立法上来讲,我们仍需创造条件。本文简要介绍有关安乐死问题的相关基本概念、国内外安乐死非犯罪化的沿革与现状,从生命伦理学、法学等多个层面试析安乐死的合理性与合法性,对支持与反对安乐死的两种观点进行归纳和总结,分析安乐死非犯罪化的必要性以及安乐死立法可能存在的现实困难,在此基础上对安乐死的制度设计提出自己的看法和建议,拟在安乐死合法化与犯罪化之间选择一条中间路线解决问题,即事实上的非犯罪化途径,对安乐死的适用条件、程序条件两方面进行建设性的创新和设想。笔者认为,只有用法律的形式确认安乐死的非罪性,才能使安乐死真正发挥其应有的作用。
[Abstract]:With the continuous development of society and the progress of human civilization, the concept of human death is also gradually evolving. Under different living environment and conditions, people's attitude to death has been completely changed. Euthanasia is the product of the gradual improvement of the concept of human death. After entering the 20th century, euthanasia cases began to appear frequently, and euthanasia began to be discussed and studied all over the world. Under the influence of euthanasia movement abroad, scholars, experts and the public have paid close attention to it in our country. Euthanasia is a comprehensive problem involving ethics, medicine, law and so on. For euthanasia, there are two views for and against. Different countries have different attitudes towards euthanasia. Some laws allow euthanasia, others regard euthanasia as a crime, so far, there is no consensus. Since 1980's, the discussion of euthanasia in our country has been increasing day by day. According to the discussion on euthanasia in recent years, there are many people in our country who support euthanasia and advocate that euthanasia should be legislated. Since 1994, delegates have proposed euthanasia legislation almost every year at the National people's Congress. In contemporary society, in order to make policies and legislations, euthanasia must be based on ethics, and should focus on the value of life, individual freedom and human rights protection. The best situation of discussing euthanasia is that the national economy, legal system, medical security and citizen's concept reach a certain developed level. The fundamental problem is that the patient's free will can be guaranteed on the basis of material and spiritual high civilization. From the ethics point of view, it is not advisable to prohibit or completely open euthanasia absolutely. At present, our society does not have the ideal conditions to discuss euthanasia. In terms of legislation, we still need to create conditions. This paper briefly introduces the basic concepts related to euthanasia, the evolution and present situation of euthanasia decriminalization at home and abroad, and tries to analyze the rationality and legitimacy of euthanasia from the aspects of bioethics and law. This paper summarizes and summarizes the two viewpoints of supporting and opposing euthanasia, analyzes the necessity of decriminalization of euthanasia and the possible practical difficulties in euthanasia legislation, and puts forward its own views and suggestions on the system design of euthanasia on this basis. This paper intends to choose a middle route between legalization and criminalization of euthanasia to solve the problem, that is, the de facto non-criminal approach, and make constructive innovations and ideas on the applicable conditions and procedural conditions of euthanasia. The author believes that euthanasia can play its proper role only by confirming the non-criminal nature of euthanasia in the form of law.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D920.0

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