法律援助中的国家责任研究

发布时间：2018-03-17 05:36

本文选题：法律援助　切入点：国家责任　出处：《复旦大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：法律援助,也称法律救济或法律扶助,是指国家对某些经济困难或特殊案件当事人给予减、免费用或者义务提供法律帮助的一种法律保障制度。从其本质来看,它是受国家保护并以国家强制力为后盾的一种国家义务行为,是现代法制国家必须承担的一种国家责任。法律援助的国家责任主要表现在三方面：一是法律和政策保障,二是必要的机构和队伍保障,三是必要的经费保障。为了研究国外法律援助中的国家责任,我们考察了各国法律援助制度。从立法上讲,法律援助的国家责任原则不仅在很多国家的法律甚至宪法或宪法性文件中得到确立,而且世界上有不少国家还制定了有关法律援助的专门法律,从立法层面保障了法律援助的国家责任；从机构设置上讲,由政府部门或法院直接管理法律援助,直接体现了法律援助中的国家责任,而由独立的法律援助委员会或协会管理法律援助,法律援助的国家责任同样得到不同程度的体现；从经费保障上讲,世界各国的法律援助均得到了政府不同程度的拨款支持,政府对法律援助的资金支持直接体现了国家责任；从提供模式上讲,分为公职律师模式、私人律师模式和混合模式,这三种模式的实质都是政府购买,体现了法律援助的国家责任。通过对比国外法律援助制度,继而对我国法律援助中的国家责任加以研究,分析出我国法律援助存在国家责任缺失的问题。如：立法层面不高且体系混乱、机构职能不分离和性质定位问题、法律援助经费尚未纳入政府财政预算、政府购买法律服务不到位等等。研究各国法律援助中的国家责任能使我们更清醒地认识到我国法律援助中的国家责任严重缺失,了解我国法律援助制度方面存在的问题,吸取各国在制度设计中充分体现国家责任的好的制度和想法,从而就如何完善我国法律援助在立法、机构设置、经费保障和提供模式等方面提出针对性的对策,切实保障法律援助的国家责任。论文首先概述了法律援助概念、历史沿革及法律援助国家责任的概念、具体体现(第一章)。接着运用比较分析法,考察国外法律援助中的国家责任(第二章)。通过比较,指出了我国法律援助中的国家责任现状及存在的问题(第三章)。最后提出如何加强我国法律援助中的国家责任(第四章)。
[Abstract]:Legal aid, also known as legal relief or legal assistance, refers to a legal protection system in which the state reduces, uses or provides legal assistance free of charge to the parties in certain economic difficulties or special cases. It is a kind of national obligation act which is protected by the state and backed by the state coercive force. It is a kind of national responsibility that the modern legal system country must undertake. The state responsibility of legal aid mainly manifests in three aspects: first, the law and the policy guarantee, Two is the necessary organization and the troop safeguard, three is the essential funds guarantee. In order to study the responsibility of States in foreign legal aid, we have examined the legal aid systems of various countries. In terms of legislation, the principle of State responsibility for legal aid is not only established in the laws of many countries, but also in constitutions or constitutional documents. Moreover, many countries in the world have also formulated special laws on legal aid, which guarantee the state responsibility for legal aid at the legislative level. In terms of institutional setting, legal aid is administered directly by government departments or courts. It directly reflects the state responsibility in legal aid, while the independent legal aid committee or association administers legal aid, and the state responsibility of legal aid is also reflected in varying degrees; in terms of financial security, The legal aid of all countries in the world is supported by different degrees of government funds, and the government's financial support for legal aid directly reflects the responsibility of the state. In terms of providing mode, it can be divided into three modes: public lawyer model, private lawyer model and mixed mode. The essence of these three models is government purchase, which embodies the state responsibility of legal aid. By contrasting the foreign legal aid system, and then studying the state responsibility in our country's legal aid, the author analyzes the problem that the legal aid in our country lacks the state responsibility, for example, the legislative level is not high and the system is chaotic. The function of the institution is not separated and the nature is fixed, the fund of legal aid has not been included in the budget of the government, and the legal service purchased by the government is not in place. The study of State responsibility in legal aid of various countries can make us more aware of the serious lack of national responsibility in our legal aid and the problems existing in our legal aid system. Drawing on the good systems and ideas of all countries that fully reflect the responsibility of the state in the system design, and thus putting forward targeted countermeasures on how to improve our legal aid in the aspects of legislation, institutional setting, funds guarantee and mode of provision, etc. The State responsibility for legal aid should be effectively safeguarded. The paper first summarizes the concept of legal aid, historical evolution and the concept of legal aid state responsibility, which is embodied in the first chapter. Then, by means of comparative analysis, the author investigates the state responsibility in foreign legal aid. This paper points out the present situation and existing problems of the state responsibility in the legal aid of our country (Chapter 3). Finally, it points out how to strengthen the state responsibility in the legal aid of our country (Chapter 4th).
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D926.5

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