论我国司法考试制度的问题及其改进

发布时间：2018-06-15 16:40

本文选题：司法考试 + 法学教育　；参考：《南京大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：司法考试制度是法律职业的准入资格考试制度,也是保障司法公正的一项基础性制度。国家统一司法考试制度的建立与实施,有助于提高法律职业队伍的整体素质,促进法律职业共同体的形成。虽然统一司法考试制度的推行得到了一致好评,但是由于制度实施中暴露出种种问题,关于具体制度设计的争论从未停止过。本文针对我国司法考试制度现状存在的问题,分析成因,在比较分析美国和日本相关制度的基础上提出自己的见解。本文第一部分对目前我国司法考试制度存在的诸多问题进行了分析,主要包括与法律职业的矛盾、与西部地区现状的矛盾和与法学教育的矛盾三个方面。司法考试制度与法律职业的矛盾主要体现在统一司法考试导致了法律人才由司法官向律师行业的逆向流动,加重了基层司法官的断档。而司法官遴选制度与司法考试制度的脱节,不利于优秀的法律人才进入司法官的队伍。司法考试制度与西部地区现状的矛盾主要体现在西部司法考试通过率较低,降分放宽学历等政策没有实质上解决西部法律人才匮乏的现状,而应运而生的“小司考”制度更是极大地破坏了司法考试的权威性。司法考试与法学教育的矛盾主要体现在法学教育的培养目标与司法考试制度的考察要求存在冲突,学生纷纷投身于各种司考培训辅导班,而忽视学校的基础法学教育。本文第二部分对造成上述问题的成因进行了分析,笔者认为造成这些问题的原因有历史遗留问题被忽视、地域差异的客观存在和考试内容和形式设计不合理三个因素。历史遗留问题被忽视是指统一司法考试制度较之前的初任法官、检察官资格考试难度加大,司法官遴选制度的不完善导致在职司法人员整体素质不高,因而司法考试通过率较低。地域差异的客观存在是指我国东西部地区区域发展不平衡,西部地区的法学教育水平与东部发达地区差异较大,导致了西部地区法律人才的匮乏。考试内容和形式设计不合理是指司法考试的一次性大大增加了通过考试的偶然性和投机性,而且考试内容偏知识记忆性,对法律思维的考察比重不足。本文第三部分论述比较了美国及日本的司法考试制度以期对我国的司法考试制度改革有所启示。美国实行法律职业一元化,法官、检察官都是以律师职业为起点,只有律师职业资格考试,由各州自行组织进行,要求考生具有美国律师协会认可的法学院初级法学士的学位(J.D.)。日本司法考试制度2006年进行了改革,要求考生具有法科大学院的教育背景或者通过司法预备考试,所有司法考试合格人员需要进入司法研修所研修一年才能真正拥有法曹资格。虽然美国和日本的司法考试制度由于历史传统和文化背景的不同存在一些差异,但都十分注重考生法学教育的背景以及法律实务的训练。本文第四部分从司法考试资格的改革、司法考试内容和形式的改革、司法考试模式的改革以及司法考试配套制度的改革四个方面提出相关的完善建议。在借鉴发达国家成功经验的基础上,笔者提出如下构想：一是将我国司法考试的准考资格限定为法学教育背景；二是实行两次考试的形式,增加主观题的比重以考察考生的法律思维能力；三是将现行降分政策适用的户籍范围限制取消,鼓励法律人才由东部发达地区向西部地区流动；四是改革完善司法官职业保障制度、法律职前培训制度、法律硕士教育制度等司法考试的相关配套制度。
[Abstract]:The judicial examination system is the qualification examination system of the legal profession and a basic system to guarantee judicial justice. The establishment and implementation of the national unified judicial examination system will help to improve the overall quality of the legal professional team and promote the formation of the legal profession community. Although the implementation of the unified judicial examination system has been consistent, the implementation of the unified judicial examination system has been consistent. However, because of the problems exposed in the implementation of the system, the debate on the design of specific systems has never stopped. This paper analyzes the existing problems in the current situation of the judicial examination system in China, analyses the causes and puts forward his own opinions on the basis of comparative analysis of the relevant institutions of the United States and Japan. The contradiction between the legal profession and the contradiction between the legal profession and the contradiction between the legal profession and the contradiction between the western region and the law education in three aspects. The contradiction between the judicial examination system and the legal profession is mainly reflected in the unified judicial examination which leads to the reverse flow of legal personnel from the judicial officer to the lawyer profession. The separation of the judicial officer selection system and the judicial examination system is not conducive to the excellent legal personnel to enter the team of the judiciary. The contradiction between the judicial examination system and the current situation in the western region is mainly reflected in the low passing rate of the judicial examination in the western region, and the policy of lowering the score and relaxing the educational background has not essentially solved the talents of the western law. The lack of the status quo, and the emergence of the "small examination" system has greatly destroyed the authority of the judicial examination. The contradiction between the judicial examination and the legal education is mainly reflected in the conflict between the training target of the law education and the inspection of the judicial examination system. The second part of this paper makes an analysis of the causes of the above problems, and the author thinks that the reasons for these problems are neglected, the objective existence of regional differences and the unreasonable three factors of the examination content and form design. The neglect of the historical legacy is that the unified judicial examination system has been compared to the previous one. The first appointed judge, the difficulty of the examination of the prosecutor's qualification is more difficult, and the imperfect judiciary selection system leads to the poor overall quality of the judicial personnel. Therefore, the passing rate of the judicial examination is low. The objective existence of the regional differences is that the regional development is unbalanced in the Eastern and western regions of China, and the differences in the legal education level in the western region and the eastern developed areas are more different than that in the western region. It leads to the lack of legal talents in the western region. The unreasonable design of the examination content and form is that the one-time judicial examination has greatly increased the chance and speculation through the examination, and the content of the examination is partial to knowledge and memory, and the proportion of the legal thinking is insufficient. The third part of this paper compares the judicial examination of the United States and Japan. The trial system is intended to enlighten the reform of the judicial examination system in our country. In the United States, the United States implements a legal profession, and the judges and the prosecutors are the starting point of the lawyer profession. Only the professional qualification examination of the lawyers is organized by the States, and the candidates have the degree of the primary law bachelor's degree (J.D.), which is recognized by the American Bar Association. The law examination system was reformed in 2006, requiring the candidates to have the educational background of the law college or the judicial preparatory examination. All the qualified personnel of the judicial examination need to enter the judicial study for a year to truly possess the qualification of the law. There are some differences between them, but all of them pay great attention to the background of the law education of examinees and the training of legal practice. The fourth part of this paper puts forward some suggestions on the reform of the qualification of the judicial examination, the reform of the content and form of the judicial examination, the reform of the judicial examination mode and the reform of the judicial examination supporting system. On the basis of the successful experience of the country, the author puts forward the following ideas: first, the qualification of the quasi examination of the judicial examination is limited to the background of legal education; the two is the form of the two examination, increasing the proportion of the subjective questions to examine the legal thinking ability of the examinees; and the three is to cancel the limits of the household registration limits applicable to the current reduction policy and encourage them to be encouraged. The legal personnel flow from the eastern developed areas to the western regions; the four is to reform and improve the professional security system of the judicial officers, the legal pre training system, the legal master's education system and other relevant supporting system of the judicial examination.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D926.15

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