先秦儒家与道家的司法思想

发布时间：2018-10-18 21:19

【摘要】：儒家司法思想以人性论为根据,人性中趋恶的因素及国家对其予以合理限制是司法权赖以存在的前提;司法的地位在于辅助德教,司法的作用在于维护社会秩序;司法的价值一是"仁道",二是公正;司法的目标是促成德治、仁政或礼治社会的实现。先秦儒家司法思想的最大特色在于其对仁道价值的不懈追求,而这种仁道价值与今日之人道主义在关爱人、尊重人这一点上是相通的。道家基于"天人合一"的思维模式提出了人道必须效法天道的理论学说,在司法问题上也主张司法必须顺应自然法则和自然秩序,从而体现了一种自然主义的司法理念。特别是道家黄老学派经典《黄帝四经》提出的"秋冬为刑"说,后经汉代大儒董仲舒的论证而被确立为一种司法制度,一直沿用至明清。《黄帝四经》提出的"精公无私而赏罚信"和"诛禁不当,反受其殃",阐述了公正司法的重要性,体现了一种以公正为核心价值的司法理念。
[Abstract]:The judicial thought of Confucianism is based on the theory of human nature, and the factors leading to evil in human nature and the reasonable restriction on it by the state are the prerequisite for the existence of judicial power, the position of judicature lies in assisting moral education, and the function of judicature is to maintain social order. The value of judicature is "benevolence" and "justice", and the aim of judicature is to realize the society of rule by virtue, benevolence or rule by etiquette. The greatest characteristic of the judicial thought of the pre-Qin Confucianism lies in its unremitting pursuit of the value of benevolence, which is similar to the humanitarianism of today in caring for and respecting people. The Taoist school based on the thinking mode of "the unity of nature and man" puts forward the theory that humanity must follow the theory of heaven, and advocates that justice must conform to the law of nature and natural order in judicial issues, thus embodying a kind of judicial idea of naturalism. In particular, the theory of "autumn and winter as punishment", put forward by the Taoist Huang-Lao school classic "the four Classics of the Yellow Emperor", was later established as a judicial system through the argumentation of Dong Zhongshu, the great Confucianism in the Han Dynasty. It has been used until the Ming and Qing dynasties. "praise and punish letter" proposed by "the four Classics of the Yellow Emperor" and "the punishment and reward letter" and "prohibiting the punishment of improper punishment" and "against its malice", expounds the importance of just administration of justice, and embodies a kind of judicial concept with justice as its core value.
【作者单位】：中国政法大学法学院;
【分类号】：D926

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