论清算义务人民事责任的法理基础

发布时间：2018-03-12 22:48

  本文选题：清算义务人　切入点：债权人保护　出处：《南京大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：清算义务人作为启动公司清算程序的承担者,为了保障清算秩序和债权人的权益,应当对债权人承担相应的民事责任。但就该责任的法理基础,理论界的认识混乱且存有漏洞。究其原因,大多学者忽视了公司法律制度应有的权利配置。从宏观的权利配置和利益格局来看,公司的产生牺牲了债权人的利益,在新形势下,公司利益格局发生异化,债权人面临受侵害的危险,有必要加强对债权人的保护。因此清算义务人民事责任应当在公司独立人格与债权人保护的张力和平衡之下找到适当定位。当公司面临清算,众多主体间出现利益分化,过分强调债权人主张民事责任的权利,可能会在某种程度上损害其他主体的利益,甚至存在债权人进行逆向选择的风险。清算制度旨在公平有序的分配利益,清算义务人民事责任重在清算秩序和清算应然结果的回复,以达到风险的合理分配和利益格局平衡的效果。从微观层面,义务是责任的前提,责任法理基础的探究离不开对义务的分析,而清算义务人民事责任作为公司法中的责任,又有其特有的来源。基于与公司的控制关系和委任关系,包括董事在内的公司管理者应对公司负有信义义务。清算义务人基于同样的地位也应负有信义义务。如果董事违反了这一义务,对包括债权人在内的第三人造成损害,是否应对第三人承担责任呢?德国法采用间接损失下的补充责任模式,日本法采用恶意或重大过失下的赔偿责任模式。商事责任与民事责任的本质不同,且董事权责不一致导致债权人易遭侵害。基于法律特别规定,为实现商事风险的合理配置,董事应对债权人承担责任,清算义务人民事责任的法理基础也应认定为商事特别责任。具体到责任体系中,应首先肯定组织清算的行为责任的存在。就财产责任而言,将债权人遭受的间接损害和直接损害进行区别分析,司法解释所设定的赔偿责任和清偿责任符合商事特别责任的构成,但不限于规定的情形。值得注意的是,鉴于公司清算制度的特殊性,清算义务人承担的商事特别责任的注意程度和责任范围应予以适当调整,从而达到利益格局平衡的目标。
[Abstract]:In order to protect the order of liquidation and the rights and interests of the creditors, the liquidating obligor, as the bearer of the liquidation procedure, shall bear the corresponding civil liability to the creditor. However, as far as the legal basis of the liability is concerned, The reason is that most scholars ignore the rights allocation that the company legal system should have. From the macroscopic distribution of rights and the pattern of interests, the company has sacrificed the interests of creditors, in the new situation, The interests of the company are dissimilated and the creditors are in danger of being infringed upon. It is necessary to strengthen the protection of creditors. Therefore, the civil liability of liquidation obligor should find a proper position under the tension and balance between the independent personality of the company and the protection of creditors. Too much emphasis on the right of creditors to claim civil liability may damage the interests of other subjects to some extent, and even the risk of adverse selection by creditors. The liquidation system aims to distribute benefits fairly and orderly. The civil liability of liquidation obligor focuses on the order of liquidation and the recovery of liquidation expected result, in order to achieve the effect of reasonable distribution of risk and balance of benefit pattern. At the micro level, obligation is the premise of liability. The exploration of the legal basis of liability can not be separated from the analysis of obligations, and the civil liability of liquidation obligor, as the liability in the company law, has its unique source, which is based on the relationship of control and appointment with the company. The manager of the company, including the director, shall have a fiduciary obligation to the company. The liquidation obligor shall, on the basis of the same status, also have a fiduciary duty. If the director violates this obligation, he shall cause harm to a third person, including the creditor, Should we be held liable to a third party? The German law adopts the supplementary liability model under indirect loss, while the Japanese law adopts the liability model under malicious or gross negligence. The nature of commercial liability is different from that of civil liability. Based on the special provisions of the law, in order to achieve a reasonable allocation of commercial risks, the director shall bear the liability of the creditor, The legal basis of the civil liability of liquidation obligor should also be recognized as special commercial liability. In the specific liability system, the existence of the liability for the conduct of organizing liquidation should be confirmed first. As far as property liability is concerned, By distinguishing between indirect and direct damage to creditors, the liability and satisfaction created by judicial interpretation are in line with the composition of special commercial liability, but are not limited to the prescribed circumstances... it is worth noting that, In view of the particularity of the company liquidation system, the degree of attention and the scope of liability of the special commercial liability undertaken by the liquidation obligor should be adjusted appropriately, so as to achieve the goal of balancing the pattern of interests.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D922.291.91
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本文编号：1603629