有限责任公司瑕疵出资民事责任

发布时间：2018-05-18 16:15

本文选题：瑕疵出资 + 差额补缴责任　；参考：《南京大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：瑕疵出资,是指公司法、出资协议或公司章程对股东出资义务做了明确规定的情况下,股东出资不符合规定的行为。瑕疵出资可以分为：明确的不履行出资、欺诈性出资、出资不适当。一方面,出资是股东的基本义务,瑕疵出资行为违反法律之强制行规定,我国法律对瑕疵出资设定了严格的公法责任。另一方面,股东资格的获得并不以出资为对价,作为股权基本权能的转让权不因瑕疵出资之存在而丧失,瑕疵出资股权的可转让使得瑕疵出资所产生的法律责任打破原有公司法之制度设计。实务中基于瑕疵出资而产生的民事责任诉讼一直存在,各地法院所采用的态度也多有不同。2005年修订《中华人民共和国公司法》(以下称《公司法》)对于瑕疵出资民事责任的规定重公法责任轻民事责任,使得各地法院适用不一致问题并没有得到解决。2010年《关于适用中华人民共和国公司法的若干规定(三)》(以下称《若干规定(三)》)对瑕疵出资问题做了较为全面的规定,瑕疵出资而产生的各类民事法律责任基本完备。《若干规定(三)》对瑕疵出资的民事责任可以划分为三类主体责任：瑕疵出资人的民事责任、其他股东对公司的资本充实责任瑕疵出资人及其他关系人对债权人就瑕疵出资而承担的瑕疵出资范围内的补充连带责任。《若干规定(三)》对瑕疵出资民事责任的规定弥补了《公司法》对民事责任规范不足的缺憾,在一定程度上遏制了我国瑕疵出资泛滥甚至潜规则划的现象,有利于统一各地法院司法。但是现行公司法对于瑕疵出资民事责任的规定仍存在下列不足：瑕疵出资民事责任制度设计上,从静态上的法律关系出发,忽视了瑕疵出资由于具有可转让性而导致的责任主体动态化发展过程；现行瑕疵出资所引发的资本充实责任和外部债权人利益保护责任体系完全重合；《若干规定(三)》规定了瑕疵出资可能引发的各类责任、责任主体、担责方式但在制度设计上比较粗糙不利于法律的适用；我国现行公司法在瑕疵出资的法律责任制度设计上并没有区分有限公司和股份有限公司的不同,采用统一的规定文章通过两个案例引出瑕疵出资民事责任在现行法律制度下的解决之道及可能存在的问题,将现有学界的研究成果加以梳理。针对如何完善瑕疵才出资民事责任和建立各有侧重、有所区分的瑕疵出资民事责任体系文章分四部分展开论述：第一章笔者对现有瑕疵出资各类民事责任重新界定,梳理我国现行责任体系并加以评述。第二章笔者着重分下了瑕疵出资人的民事责任。包括瑕疵出资人公司的差额补充责任及制度完善和瑕疵出资人对债权人承担责任的性质。第三章笔者者对瑕疵出资受让人的民事责任进行分析。主要包括瑕疵出资受让人承担资本充实责任的性质和条件,瑕疵出资受让人对债权人承担责任的性质和条件,瑕疵出资转让人和受让人之间的契约责任。第四章分析了现有资本充实责任体系和债权人利益保护责任体系。通过制度设计力图打破现在有俩责任体系相互重合的状况。对内部责任坚持过错原则,对外部坚持严格责任原则,并通过外部严格责任的限定来督促内部资本充实的维持。通过该制度设计以达到衡平多方主体利益、方便法律适用和规范公司组织制度的多方共赢。文章认为,瑕疵出资所产生的民事责任主要包括三种责任：瑕疵出资人民事责任、公司资本充实责任、外部债权人利益保护责任。瑕疵出资人由于作为所有民事责任产生的始作俑者,将其责任单独归为一类,其中最为主要的是瑕疵出资人对公司的差额补充责任和对债权人的赔偿责任。公司资本充实责任包含出瑕疵出资人以外的其他主体因不同法律关系对公司产生的民事责任。债权人利益保护的责任是在公司资本充实制度要求下,有全体登记在册股东对外部债权人所承担的民事责任。三种责任制度的重新设计,打破了《若干规定(三)》中对内责任和对外责任完全一致的情况,既尊重公司内部的意思自知和矛盾的私权救济,又充分衡平了三方主体的利益并通过外部责任的强化督促内部组织和管理的完善。同时明确三类责任体系简化了法院的诉讼,严格责任保护债权人利益减轻了债权人的举证负担和法院的证据判断。对内部自知的肯定提高了法院判决的执行力。
[Abstract]:A defective capital contribution refers to the behavior that the shareholder's contribution does not conform to the provisions of the company law, the capital contribution agreement or the articles of association of the company to the shareholders' contribution obligations. The defective capital contribution can be divided into a clear non performance contribution, a fraudulent capital contribution and an inappropriate capital contribution. On the one hand, the capital is the basic obligation of the shareholders, and the defective investment behavior violates the law. On the other hand, the transfer right of the basic right of equity is not lost because of the existence of the defective capital contribution, and the transferability of the defective capital contribution makes the legal liability for the defective capital contribution break the original public liability. The system of judicature is designed. In practice, the civil liability litigation based on the defective capital contribution has always existed. The attitudes adopted by the courts in various places also have different.2005 years' revision of the People's Republic of China Company Law (hereinafter referred to as the company law) for the civil liability of the defective capital contribution and the civil liability of the public law, which makes the courts all over the country applicable. The problem of inconsistency has not been solved in.2010 < (three) > (three) > (hereinafter referred to as < some regulations (three)) to make a more comprehensive provision on the problem of defective capital contribution, and all kinds of civil legal liabilities arising from the defective capital contribution are basically complete.
< a number of regulations (three) > the civil liability for the defective capital contribution can be divided into three types of main responsibilities: the civil liability of the defective contributor, the other shareholders' liability for the company's capital enrichment liability and the supplementary joint liability within the scope of the defect capital contribution to the creditor's contribution to the defect. < several regulations (three) > to the defect. The provisions of civil liability for defective capital contribution make up for the defects of the lack of the code for the civil liability of the company law, to a certain extent, to a certain extent, to contain the phenomenon of the spread of the defective capital and even the submersible rules in our country, which is beneficial to the unification of the courts of the courts in various parts of the country. However, the following deficiencies still exist in the provisions of the current corporate law on the civil liability for the defective contribution: the defective contributive people In the design of the system of responsibility, from the static legal relationship, it ignores the dynamic development process of the liability subject caused by the transferability of the defective capital contribution; the current liability for capital enrichment caused by the defective capital contribution and the responsibility system for the protection of the interests of the external creditors completely coincide; < some regulations (three) > stipulates the defective capital contribution. The various kinds of responsibility, the subject of responsibility, the way of responsibility, but the relatively rough system design is not good for the application of the law. The current company law in our country does not distinguish the difference between the limited company and the Limited by Share Ltd in the design of the legal responsibility system of the defective capital contribution, and adopts the unified regulations.
Through two cases, the article leads to the solution of the civil liability for defective capital contribution in the current legal system and the possible problems, and combs the research achievements of the existing academic circles. The article is divided into four parts of the civil liability system of the defective contribution to the civil liability and the establishment of the civil liability system of the defective investment. In the first chapter, the author redefines the existing civil liability for all kinds of defects, combs the current responsibility system of our country and reviews it. The second chapter emphatically divides the civil liability of the defective contributor, including the supplementary liability and the system perfection of the defective contributor company and the nature of the liability for the creditors of the defective contributor. In the third chapter, the author analyzes the civil liability of the transferee of the defective capital contribution, mainly including the nature and conditions of the liability for capital enrichment by the assignee of the defective capital contribution, the nature and conditions of the obligee's liability to the creditor and the contractual liability of the transferee and the transferee. The fourth chapter analyses the existing capital charge. The system of real responsibility and the responsibility system of protecting the interests of the creditors. Through the system design, it tries to break the situation of the mutual coincidence of the two liability systems. The principle of internal responsibility is adhered to the principle of fault, the principle of strict responsibility is adhered to outside, and the internal capital is maintained through the strict external responsibility. Balancing the interests of various parties facilitates win-win application of laws and standardizing the company's organizational system.
The article holds that the civil liability produced by the defective capital contribution mainly includes three kinds of responsibilities: the defective capital contribution to the people's responsibility, the company capital fulfilling responsibility and the external creditor's interests protection responsibility. The defective contributor, as the initiator of all civil liability, will return its liability alone into one category, the most important of which is the defective capital contribution. A person's liability for the balance of the company's balance and the liability for the creditor. The liability of the company's capital enrichment responsibility includes the civil liability of the other subjects other than the defective contributor for the company due to different legal relations. The liability of the creditor's interest protection is under the requirement of the company's capital enrichment system, with the external claims of all registered shareholders. The redesign of the three liability systems has broken the circumstances in which the internal responsibility and the external responsibility are completely consistent in some provisions (three), respecting the private right to self-awareness and contradiction within the company, and the balance of the interests of the three parties and the strengthening of internal organization and management through the strengthening of external responsibility. At the same time, it is clear that the three type of liability system simplifies the court's lawsuit, the strict responsibility to protect the creditor's interests reduces the burden of proof of the creditor and the judgment of the court. The internal self-knowledge certainly improves the execution of the court's judgment.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D922.291.91

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