我国合同法上实际履行制度的分析与重构

发布时间：2018-05-02 16:34

本文选题：实际履行 + 价值取向　；参考：《安徽大学》2005年硕士论文

【摘要】：实际履行,指在违约方不履行合同时,合同对方请求或者合同对方要求法院判定其履行合同义务的违约责任方式。大陆法系和英美法系曾对实际履行采取了不同的态度和做法。简单而言,在违约的责任体系中,大陆法以实际履行为原则,以损害赔偿为例外;英美法以损害赔偿为原则,以实际履行为例外。但在现代,两大法系体现出相互融合的趋势。在我国合同法中,实际履行的地位也存在一个转变的过程。在计划经济时期,实际履行原则扮演着重要的角色。这与我国当时的经济体制有关。1999年《合同法》规定违约责任方式时,首先规定了继续履行方式,但实际履行却并没有像立法者所预想的那样起到首要的补救方式的作用,判决承担强制实际履行责任的案件在司法实践中占的比例是很少的。实际履行责任方式的积极作用未尽发挥,这无疑是让人遗憾的,应该引起反思。要深入了解实际履行的概念,就必须分析实际履行责任方式与实质履行原则、合同法上的实际履行与劳动法上的实际履行、普通合同场合的实际履行与企业破产时合同的实际履行之间的关系。要把握实际履行制度的深层意义,必须明确实际履行所体现的立法价值取向,明确其与私法自治、契约伦理、效率违约、法官自由裁量权之间的关系。实际履行适用条件的框定与障碍的确认,更是实际履行制度的主要内容。文章论述了实际履行适用的各种违约形态与实际履行适用的形式要件,对我国合同法上实际履行制度提出了设计思路。我国建立实际履行制度新体系,应当以私法自治、契约伦理、社会公平正义为主旨,不主张效率违约,并有限制地控制法官行使自由裁量权;实际履行制度的建立与完善首先有赖于民法、合同法等法律中其它相关制度与理论的建立及支持,应不断完善实际履行制度的理论基础,如合同责任、请求权理论与法院强制执行。完善我国的实际履行制度,应首先将实际履行确定为一种普遍的、有其独特优点的救济方法,而并非仅仅是一项象征性、通常得不到满足的要求;在对各种违约形态逐条加以表述时,对其“处理”的部分应包括其是否可适用实际履行方式的内容;应对阻却实际履行的情形予以规定,不应仅仅在法条中表述为“法律或事实上不能履行的情况”,而应当略加细化,将不能实际履行的情况统一规定下来;最后,对请求权人的身份限制与“合理期限”作出规定。文章对实际履行与私法自治、契约伦理、效率违约、法官自由裁量权之间的
[Abstract]:Actual performance refers to the manner in which the party requests or contracts the other party to decide on the liability for breach of contract when the party does not perform the contract. The civil law and the Anglo American legal system have taken different attitudes and practices to the actual performance. In brief, the continental law is the actual performance principle in the liability system of breach of contract. The compensation for damage is an exception; the Anglo American law is based on the principle of compensation for damage, with the exception of actual performance. But in modern times, the two legal systems show a trend of mutual integration. In the contract law of China, the status of actual performance also has a process of transformation. In the period of planned economy, the practical implementation principle plays an important role. The economic system is related to the contract law of.1999, which stipulates the way to carry out the breach of contract first, but the actual performance does not play the role of the primary remedy as the legislator preconceived, and the ratio of the case in the practice of compulsory actual performance is very few. The positive role of the term of office has not been brought into full play. This is undoubtedly regrettable and should cause reflection.
In order to understand the concept of actual performance in depth, it is necessary to analyze the actual performance of responsibility and the principle of fulfilling, the actual performance of the contract law and the actual performance of the labor law, the actual performance of the common contract situation and the actual performance of the contract when the enterprise is bankrupt. The practical implementation of the legislative value orientation, clear its relationship with private law autonomy, contract ethics, efficiency breach of contract, the discretion of judges. The actual implementation conditions of the frame and obstacles to confirm the actual implementation of the system is the main content. The article discusses the actual implementation of the application of various forms of breach of contract and practical application of the application. In order to establish a new system of actual performance system in China, we should take private law autonomy, contract ethics and social justice as the main purpose, do not advocate the efficiency of breach of contract, and control the discretion of judges in a limited way; the establishment and improvement of the actual performance system depends first. On the basis of the establishment and support of other relevant systems and theories in civil law, contract law and other laws, we should constantly improve the theoretical basis of the actual performance system, such as contract responsibility, the theory of claim and the enforcement of the court. To improve the actual performance system of our country, the actual performance should be first defined as a universal and unique remedy method, It is not merely a symbol, usually without the requirement of satisfaction; when the various forms of breach of contract are expressed, the part of the "treatment" should include the content that it can apply to the practical way of fulfillment; it should be stipulated in the case that the actual performance should be obstructed, and it should not only be expressed as "law or in fact not in fact" in the law. The situation of the bank should be slightly refined, and the situation that can not be actually performed is unified. In the end, the limit of the person's identity and the "reasonable term" should be stipulated.
The article is about the relationship between actual performance and private law autonomy, contract ethics, efficiency breach, and judge's discretion.

【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：D923.6

【引证文献】