社会权的确证与实现

发布时间：2018-05-19 10:32

本文选题：社会权 + 社会法　；参考：《吉林大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：权利是法学的基本范畴,社会权是社会法学的基本范畴。正是在社会权观念日渐深入的当下,其实现之诉求日益强烈,以保障社会权为使命的社会立法才得以迅速发达起来,社会法学理论也在此社会法制背景下得以繁荣发展。社会法是保障公民社会权之法,社会权是社会法学的逻辑起点和核心范畴。从历史的维度来看,社会权观念伴生于人权思想,并逐步成为人权思想的重要内容和组成部分。可以说,社会权观念的形成和发展深化并丰富了人权思想的内涵。人权思想的着眼点是如何妥切地定位公民与国家之间的关系,所有关于社会权内涵、属性、种类等问题的纠葛,莫不源于对此关系的不同认识。本文尝试将社会权定义为:公民享有的请求国家积极作为以维持最低生存条件,实现社会公平正义之目的的权利。并认为社会权具有自然权利与法律权利的双重内容,主观权利与客观法价值的双重性质,防御权与受益权的双重功能以及积极权利与消极权利的双重效力。从权利构造的角度来看,社会权的权利主体是全体社会成员,特别是在经济等方面处于弱势地位的个人或群体。社会权的义务主体是国家,主要指政府。国家需要为弱势群体获得社会的救济和保障提供有效的途径和支持。社会权的基本内容是公民要求国家救助与帮扶的积极行为,以及保障最低生存条件的各种支持。社会权不仅是一种关于权利的思想理论,也是法律确立的对象。社会权的法律确立需要通过国际条约在国内法的转化、宪法层面国家义务的落实以及社会立法明确权利具体内容三个层面进行。首先,以《经济、社会和文化权利公约》为源流填补国内法中立法的空缺,尤其是集体劳动权,如罢工权、结社自由权等基本权利应该在国内法中予以确立。其次,在宪法层面,国家义务可以通过制度性保障、组织与程序保障和立法机关立法义务三个角度加以落实;在社会立法层面,编撰《社会法典》虽为一种理想化的期待,却是社会法立法体系化的表征,为此应完善社会给付相关立法和劳动基准立法,作为社会权实现的立法基础。促进社会权实现的动力因素和妨碍社会权实现的阻力因素同时并存。社会权的实现是民生改善的基本诉求,承载着社会公平正义价值的基本追求,更是人权保障的核心目标,这些积极因素大大推动了社会权的实现。反之,社会权实现的过程中面临着立法上、路径上以及救济上的阻力因素,妨碍了社会权的实现进程。人口政策调整与经济新常态背景下,社会权保障面临着解决现实问题的新任务。其中,人口政策旨在解决人口老龄化带来的劳动力缺乏和养老金紧缺等现实问题。实证表明,二孩政策出台后,人口数量增长有限、政策效果甚微。除了应提倡年轻人生育、鼓励老年人继续就业、促进养老服务体系的社会化之外,还应加强对特殊群体,如孕产妇、老年人相关社会权益的保障,推进人口政策的施行。尤其在延迟退休政策即将出台之际,强调对社会权的保障更具有现实意义。另外,在经济新常态下,企业与劳动者之间矛盾加剧,为协调劳资双方利益,可以考虑修改《劳动法》,应维持以劳动基准为最底线的强制性保障原则;适度修正《劳动合同法》中对企业规制过度的条款;在经济下行期,还应在保证既有的社会保障财政支出的基础上,优化社会保障结构,提高社会保障效率,实现以集体协商法律机制、社会分层保护机制和社会权量化评估机制为核心的社会权保障机制,以应对经济新常态下的诸多现实问题,从而实现社会权保障、民生改善和经济的共同发展。社会权救济是社会权实现的最后一道屏障。目前,社会权救济主要依赖于传统的民事和行政救济途径。因受到诉讼主体、诉讼范围等诸多条件的限制,社会权救济受阻。在私法领域,社会权作为宪法权利适用于司法裁判的案例有、但并不多见,大多案件主要通过民事诉讼途径解决。因此,可以考虑在民事审判中成立独立的社会法庭,而非社会法院,专门就社会权相关案件进行审理,提高审判效率和专业性。在公法领域,社会权作为一项给付请求权,应从实体和程序两个方面,明确社会立法中对公民最低生存条件保障的相关规定,通过完善行政诉讼制度实现有效行政救济。最后,积极推行公益诉讼在社会法领域的适用,以构建公益诉讼机制,突破传统对社会权救济不足的困境,最终促进社会权的实现。
[Abstract]:Right is the basic category of law, and social right is the basic category of social law. It is at the moment that the concept of social rights is deepening day by day. The demand of the social law is rapidly developed, and the social law theory is prosperous and developed in the background of social legal system. The social right is the logical starting point and core category of social law. From the historical point of view, the concept of social rights is born with human rights thought, and gradually becomes an important content and component of human rights thought. It can be said that the formation and development of the concept of social rights have deepened and enriched the connotation of human rights thought. The point of view is how to properly locate the relationship between the citizens and the state. All the disputes about the connotation, attributes and types of social rights are not derived from the different understanding of the relationship. This article tries to define social rights as: the request state enjoyed by the citizens to maintain the minimum living conditions and realize the goal of social justice and justice. The social right has dual content of natural and legal rights, dual nature of subjective right and objective legal value, dual function of defense and benefit rights, and double effect of positive and negative rights. From the angle of right structure, the main body of social rights is all social members, especially Individuals or groups who are in a disadvantaged position in economic and other aspects. The subject of social rights is the state, which mainly refers to the government. The state needs to provide effective ways and support for the social relief and security for the disadvantaged groups. The basic content of the social rights is that the citizens require the active actions of the state to help and help, and to guarantee the minimum living conditions. All kinds of support. Social right is not only an ideological theory about rights, but also an object established by law. The legal establishment of social rights should be carried out in three layers: the transformation of international treaties, the implementation of national obligations at the constitutional level and the specific content of the clear rights of social legislation. First, "economic, social and cultural rights" In order to fill the gaps in the legislation of domestic law, the Convention, especially the collective labor rights, such as the right to strike, the right to freedom of association and other basic rights should be established in the domestic law. Secondly, at the constitutional level, the state obligations can be implemented through three angles, namely, institutional guarantee, organization and procedural guarantee and legislative obligation of legislative organs; On the legislative level, compiling the social code is an idealized expectation, but it is the representation of the legislative systematization of social law. To this end, it should perfect the relevant legislation of social payment and labor standard legislation, as the legislative basis for the realization of social rights. The motive factors of promoting the realization of social rights and the resistance factors that impede the realization of social rights coexist simultaneously. The realization is the basic demand for the improvement of the people's livelihood, carrying the basic pursuit of the value of social justice and justice, but also the core goal of the protection of human rights. These positive factors have greatly promoted the realization of social rights. On the contrary, the realization of social rights is faced with the legislative, path and relief factors in the process of social rights, which hinders the realization of social rights. Under the background of the adjustment of population policy and the new normal economy, the social rights protection is facing a new task to solve the practical problems. Among them, the population policy aims to solve the practical problems such as the lack of labor force and pension shortage caused by the aging of the population. The empirical evidence shows that after the introduction of the two child policy, the population growth is limited and the policy effect is very small. To promote the birth of young people, encourage the elderly to continue their employment and promote the socialization of the old-age service system, we should strengthen the protection of the social rights and interests of special groups, such as pregnant and parturient, the elderly, and promote the implementation of the population policy. Especially when the policy of postponing retirement is about to be introduced, it is more realistic to emphasize the protection of social rights. In addition, in the new normal economy, the contradiction between enterprises and workers is intensified. In order to coordinate the interests of labor and capital, it is possible to modify the labor law and maintain the principle of compulsory guarantee with the baseline of labor as the bottom line, and appropriately amend the provisions of the excessive regulation of the enterprise in the labor contract law; in the economic downside period, the existing social insurance should also be guaranteed. On the basis of the obstacle financial expenditure, we should optimize the social security structure, improve the social security efficiency, realize the social rights guarantee mechanism based on the legal mechanism of collective consultation, the social stratification protection mechanism and the quantitative evaluation mechanism of social rights, in response to many practical questions under the new normal economy, thus realizing the social rights guarantee, the improvement of the people's livelihood and the economy. The social right relief is the last barrier to the realization of social rights. At present, social rights relief mainly depends on the traditional civil and administrative remedy ways. Because of the restrictions on the subject, the scope of litigation and many other conditions, the social rights relief is blocked. In the private law field, the social right is the case of the constitutional right applicable to the judicial referee. Yes, but not much, most cases are mainly solved through civil procedure. Therefore, we can consider the establishment of an independent social tribunal in civil trial, not a Social Court, to trial the related cases of social rights, to improve the efficiency and professionalism of the trial. In the field of public law, social rights should be taken as a request for payment, which should be from the entity and the process. In order to clarify the relevant provisions in the two aspects of social legislation to guarantee the minimum living conditions of the citizens and to achieve effective administrative relief through the improvement of the administrative litigation system. Finally, the application of public interest litigation in the field of social law is actively pursued in order to build public interest litigation mechanism and break through the traditional dilemma of the lack of social rights relief, and ultimately promote social rights. Realization.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D922.182.3

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