大学自治框架内的学术自由保护

发布时间：2018-05-27 16:25

本文选题：学术自由 + 大学自治　；参考：《山东大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 学术职业具有一种普通职业所未有的神圣,其高贵之处表现在学术的自主上。学术是心灵自由的产物,学术的发展是一个争取自由的过程,学术发展的动力来自于学术自由,因此学术自由成为一种宪法权利变成为一种必然。学术自由不同于言论自由,其内容包括学术思想自由、学术研究自由和学术研究成果的传授、交流与发表自由,研究自由和成果发表自由属于每一个人,而教学自由则属于教师,大学和教师作为主要的学术研究机构和研究人员依然是学术自由权的主要主体。当然学术自由权并不是绝对的,与公民的其他基本权利比如人身自由相比,学术自由权并不具有当然的优先性,学者不能滥用学术自由权,同时,学术自由也要受到学术规范的制约。学术自由和大学自治具有内在的本质关系,学术自由是大学自治的合法性基础,大学独特的运行逻辑就在于实现学术自由,大学自治是对学术自由的制度性保障,由于大学中学术事务本身的自主规律性,使得大学自治成为实现学术自由的必需,大学自治制度获得了法理支撑,并取得了宪法上的地位,同时,大学自治以实现学术自由为旨归,与学术自由权的实现之间是一种手段与目的的关系。从而使得学术自由具有了个人权利与制度的双重性格,制度性保障不仅可以防御来自国家的侵害,而且还可以要求国家应创设制度,推动学术自由的发展。大学自治权目的在于保护学术自由,这一目的决定了大学自治的内容和界限,大学自治不能偏离学术自由的保护,而大学自治的事务虽然以学术自由为基础和核心,却并不限于学术自由的固有内容,还包括为了实现学术自由、大学理念所必需的事务和权力内容,与学术自由的实现直接相关的事项,一般包括财政自治、人事自治、学术自治和管理自治。大学自治具有明显的单方性、强制性,具有确定力、约束力、执行力特征,是典型的行政行为,其涉及的相对人主要有两类：一类是学生,另一类则是教师。大学自治既为学术自由的手段,则为了目的实现不能不接受国家的监督。监督主要是合法性监督,国家要尊重大学对专业事务的独立判断。监督既可以是行政监督也可以进行司法监督,不过司法监督也不是无限的,能否提起行政诉讼则要遵循重要性原则。我国虽然在宪法中明确规定了学术自由权,但在建构具体的权利保护制度方面却存在很多不足,特别是对大学学术自由的保护方面,没有建立一种制度性保障措施来实现学术自由,甚至没有提到大学自治,而是采用了办学自主权的概念,而且办学自主权从一开始就不属于学术自由的范畴,将大学简单的视为法律法规授权组织,从而对大学实施严格的管理和监督。因此,我国大学的办学自主权与学术自由之间缺乏一种内在的、手段和目的的直接关系,使得办学自主权不过是国家出于行政效率考虑而实施的行政放权手段而已,而非对学术自由的尊重。完善我国的办学自主权的措施可以从学生、教师和大学三个主体的学术自由权保护的角度出发。对学生权利的保护,首先是完善申诉制度,通过与行政复议、行政诉讼的衔接建立一个配套完整的、从行政救济到司法救济的畅通渠道。其次是扩大司法救济范围,将学校除分、招生录取和学校评价行为皆纳入行政诉讼范围。在此在审查标准上,要区分学术性争议和行政性争议,采用不同密度的审查标准,主要进行合法性而不是合目的性审查。对于教师权利的保护,则要解决教师的法律定位问题,教师的聘任制必须以双向选择为前提、以合同为基础、以法定的职业保障和专业保障为核心,确立教师的专业工作者地位,将教师逐渐纳入劳动法保障的大框架内。就教师与教育行政部门的关系而言,非公务员身份决定了教师并不从属于后者,二者构成了外部行政关系,对来自后者的侵害,应该允许教师通过行政诉讼寻求权利保护。就教师与学校的关系而言,二者构成劳动契约关系,对来自学校的侵害,教师可以利用已有的劳动争议解决渠道寻求救济,通过仲裁和诉讼来保护自己的合法权利。另外,为了保护教师权利还有强化教师在大学自治中的主体地位,并构建符合我国国情的学术评价机制以促进教师的学术自由。对大学权利保护的核心是确立大学的公法人地位,我国目前大学的法律地位一般被认定为事业单位,这种地位使得大学成为政府的附庸。高等教育法中虽然确立了大学的法人地位,但这种法人只具有私法上的意义,而没有公法意义。我们应该借鉴大陆法系大学公法人化经验,确立大学的公务法人地位,可以在保证学术自由的条件下,获得较大的活动空间,还可以依据其公法组织的性质,将其纳入“依法行政”的范畴,同时,当办学自主权受到教育权的侵害时,可以提起行政诉讼来寻求司法救济。
[Abstract]:Academic profession is not sacred in an ordinary profession. Its nobility is manifested in academic autonomy. Academic is the product of freedom of mind. Academic development is a process for freedom, the motive force of academic development comes from academic freedom, so academic freedom becomes a kind of constitutional right. Academic freedom does not. Freedom of speech, the freedom of academic research, the imparting of academic research and academic research, communication and publication, freedom of study and publication of freedom and publication of freedom belong to everyone, and the freedom of teaching belongs to the teacher, and the universities and teachers are still the right to academic freedom as the main academic research institutions and researchers. Of course, the right of academic freedom is not absolute. Compared with other basic rights of citizens, such as personal freedom, academic freedom is not of course priority. Scholars can not abuse the right of academic freedom. At the same time, academic freedom should also be restricted by academic norms.
Academic freedom and university autonomy have intrinsic essential relations. Academic freedom is the basis of the legitimacy of university autonomy. The unique operational logic of university lies in the realization of academic freedom. University autonomy is the institutional guarantee for academic freedom. As a result of the autonomy of the University's high school affairs, university autonomy becomes academic freedom. The system of university autonomy has been supported by jurisprudence and obtained the status in the constitution. At the same time, the university autonomy is aimed at the realization of academic freedom, and the realization of the right to academic freedom is a relationship between means and purpose. Thus, academic freedom has the dual character of individual rights and system, and institutional guarantee can not only be prevented. From the invasion of the country, it can also request the state to create a system to promote the development of academic freedom.
The purpose of university autonomy is to protect academic freedom, which determines the content and limits of university autonomy. University autonomy can not deviate from the protection of academic freedom. While university autonomy is based on academic freedom and core, it is not limited to the inherent capacity of academic freedom. It also includes the idea of academic freedom and the idea of University. The necessary affairs and power content, which are directly related to the realization of academic freedom, generally include financial autonomy, personnel autonomy, academic autonomy and management autonomy. University autonomy has obvious unilateral, mandatory, determinative, binding and executive characteristics. It is a typical administrative act, and the relative persons involved are mainly two categories. One is a student, the other is a teacher.
The university autonomy is the means of academic freedom, but for the purpose of realizing it can not accept the supervision of the state. Supervision is mainly legal supervision. The state should respect the independent judgment of the University for professional affairs. Supervision can be either administrative supervision or judicial supervision, but the judicial supervision is not unlimited. Follow the principle of importance.
Although our country clearly stipulates the right of academic freedom in the constitution, there are many shortcomings in the construction of specific rights protection system, especially in the protection of academic freedom of the University, and there is no institutional guarantee to realize academic freedom, even without reference to university autonomy, but the concept of autonomy in running a school. From the very beginning, the right to run a school does not belong to the category of academic freedom, and the university is simply regarded as the authorized organization of laws and regulations, so as to carry out strict management and supervision to the University. Therefore, there is a lack of a direct relationship between the autonomy and the academic freedom of the University's autonomy and academic freedom, which makes the autonomy of running a school no longer. It is the administrative decentralization means that the State takes into account the administrative efficiency, rather than the respect for academic freedom.
The measures to improve the autonomy of school running in our country can start from the angle of the protection of the three subjects of students, teachers and universities. To protect the rights of students, the first is to improve the appeal system, and to establish a complete and complete channel from administrative remedies to judicial relief through the connection with administrative reconsideration and administrative litigation. It is to expand the scope of judicial relief, the division of schools, enrollment and school evaluation are all included in the scope of administrative litigation. On the standard of examination, it is necessary to distinguish academic disputes and administrative disputes, adopt different density examination standards, and mainly conduct legitimacy rather than eye examination.
For the protection of teachers' rights, it is necessary to solve the problem of teachers' legal position. The appointment system of teachers must be based on two-way choice, based on contract, with legal occupational security and professional guarantee as the core, to establish the professional status of teachers, and to put teachers into the large framework of labor law guarantee. As far as the relationship of the Department is concerned, the non civil servant status determines that the teacher does not belong to the latter, and the two constitute the external administrative relationship. The violation of the latter should allow the teachers to seek rights protection through administrative litigation. As for the relationship between teachers and schools, the two constitutes a labor contract relationship, and the teachers can make use of the infringement from the school. In order to protect the rights of teachers and strengthen the main position of teachers in university autonomy, and to promote the academic freedom of teachers in order to protect the rights of teachers and to protect the rights of teachers in order to protect their own legal rights through arbitration and litigation.
The core of the protection of University rights is to establish the status of the public legal person of the University. At present, the legal status of our university is generally recognized as a institution. This position makes the university become the appendage of the government. Although the legal status of the university has been established in the higher education law, the legal person has the significance of private law but not the public law. We should learn from the common experience of the public law of the Civil Law University and establish the status of the official legal person of the University. We can obtain greater activity space under the conditions of guaranteeing academic freedom, and bring it into the category of "administration according to law" according to the nature of its public law organization. At the same time, when the autonomy of running school is infringed on the right to education, it can be brought up. Administrative litigation to seek judicial remedies.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：G644

【参考文献】