涉外遗嘱法律适用规则的立法及其完善

发布时间：2017-12-27 10:02

本文关键词：涉外遗嘱法律适用规则的立法及其完善　出处：《安徽大学》2016年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：《中华人共和国涉外民事关系法律适用法》(以下简称《法律适用法》)是我国第一部专门调整涉外民事关系的法律,在涉外遗嘱的法律适用方面已有多项突破,但是规定仍然过于精简,在随后的最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国涉外民事关系法律适用法》若干问题的解释一(以下简称《法律适用法》解释一)中也没有规定与涉外遗嘱直接相关的规定。遗嘱的构成要件是形式要件和实质要件,《法律适用法》中涉外遗嘱的冲突规则分为遗嘱方式和遗嘱效力,遗嘱方式的概念小于遗嘱形式要件的概念,遗嘱效力的概念大于实质要件的概念,实体法和冲突法的不对应以及概念上的模糊导致法官不明白冲突规则的范围。遗嘱方式的连接点与国际趋势相比,少了不动产所在地连接点,这是一个较大的疏漏。当前,一国公民在海外购置房产或者移民以后在国内留有房产的情况屡见不鲜,不能排除遗嘱人依不动产所在地法订立遗嘱。涉外遗嘱效力的连接点包括立遗嘱时或者死亡时国籍国法或者经常居所地法,没有规定如何适用这一规则,究竟是适用其一皆有效还是选用其一。根据《法律适用法》第三条以及《法律适用法》解释一第六条,我国并没有承认当事人意思自治原则在涉外遗嘱领域的适用,不仅没有贯彻遗嘱自由,还给司法实践中造成了麻烦。法律规定的不完善往往会造成审判的不公正,《法律适用法》施行四年有余,涉外遗嘱继承案件的审判经验在增加,审判中的问题却没有得到解决。我国法院审判的涉外遗嘱继承案件多为涉港遗嘱继承纠纷,各法院针对涉港遗嘱纠纷适用的法律不一致,各级法院对《法律适用法》的溯及力问题看法不一致,遗嘱效力的准据法的选择存在倾向于中国的态度,针对部分立遗嘱人做出选法的意思表示,几乎没有法院作出回应。自从我国经济实力上升,对外贸易、移民频繁,我国的涉外遗嘱纠纷的数量逐渐上涨,因此完善我国的《法律适用法》对于维护立遗嘱人的权利和我国的社会公共利益至关重要。在涉外遗嘱领域引入当事人意思自治原则,可以采取明示和默示的方式,在遗嘱生效前都可以设立和变更,当事人可选择的范围包括立遗嘱时或者死亡时经常居所地法或者国籍国法。通过合理性探讨以及国际趋势的总结,我国的涉外遗嘱冲突规则可以采用简便的二分制原则,即形式要件和实质要件的二分制,实现与实体法的对应。形式要件不仅包含方式,还包括遗嘱参与人资格和遗嘱的撤销,形式要件冲突规则的连接点增加不动产所在地。实质要件的内涵包括遗嘱能力、遗嘱受益人资格、遗嘱保留份、意思表示真实、遗嘱的解释五要素,同时限制实质要件冲突规则的时间要素和空间要素,符合立遗嘱时的经常居所地和国籍国均为有效。这些连接点是在密切联系以及对立遗嘱人的意思推定上所选定的,加上当事人意思自治原则,都是为了尽量实现形式正义和实质正义的平衡,逐步实现国际私法的目标。
[Abstract]:The "law of the people's Republic of China concerning foreign-related civil relations law applicable law" (hereinafter referred to as the "legal applicable law") is China's first special adjustment of foreign-related civil relations law applicable law has a number of breakthroughs in foreign-related testamentary provisions, but still too lean, in a subsequent interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on issues concerning the application of "People's Republic of China foreign-related civil relations law applicable law" (hereinafter referred to as the "Application of law" interpretation) is not in accordance with the provisions of foreign testamentary directly related. Elements of the will is the formal requirements and substantial requirements, "the effectiveness of conflict rules of law applicable to foreign-related testamentary law" is divided into the form of a will and testament of the concept will less than wills, the concept will effect is greater than the concept of substantial elements, fuzzy substantive law and conflict of laws does not correspond to the concept and causes judges do not understand the rules of conflict. The connection point of the way of the will is less than the international trend, and the connection point of the real estate is less, which is a larger omission. At present, a country's citizens purchase property or immigrants after buying overseas property is often seen in the country. It is impossible to exclude testamentary people from making a testament in accordance with the law of the place where the real estate is located. The connection point of validity of foreign Testament includes law of nationality, national law or habitual residence at the time of wills or death. There is no rule on how to apply this rule. According to the third application of the law and the application of the law, one or sixth articles have been explained. Our country has not recognized the application of the principle of autonomy of the parties in the field of foreign Testament. It not only failed to carry out the freedom of Testament, but also caused trouble in judicial practice. The imperfection of the law often results in the injustice of the trial. More than four years after the implementation of the law of applicable law, the trial experience of foreign testamentary succession cases is increasing, but the problems in the trial have not been solved. China's court trial foreign testamentary succession cases mostly involving Hong Kong inheritance disputes, the court in Hong Kong will dispute the applicable law is inconsistent, the courts view the retroactivity of law "applicable law" inconsistent applicable law will effect the choice there tend to China attitude, for the part of wills people make selection intention, almost no response to the court. Since China's economic strength has increased and foreign trade and immigration have been frequent, the number of foreign testamentary disputes in China has been increasing. Therefore, improving our country's law applicable law is very important for safeguarding the testator's rights and social public interests in China. The principle of autonomy of the parties in the field of foreign testament can be established by way of express and implied, and can be set up or changed before the testament is effective. The parties may choose to include the law of the habitual residence or the law of Nationality under the time of the will. Through the discussion of rationality and the summary of international trend, China's foreign wills conflict rules can adopt a simple two point system principle, namely, the two points system of formal requirements and substantive elements, so as to achieve the corresponding with substantive law. The form elements include not only the way, but also the revocation of the testamentary participants and the will, and the connection points of the formal elements conflict rules increase the location of the real estate. The connotation of the substantive elements of testamentary capacity, including the qualification of testament beneficiary and will retain copies, the true meaning, will explain the five elements, the time factor and the space factor while limiting the substantive elements of conflict rules, will conform to the habitual residence and nationality are effective. These connections are selected on the presumption of close connection and the testator's meaning, plus the principle of autonomy of the parties, all in order to achieve the balance between formal justice and substantive justice, and gradually achieve the goal of private international law.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D923

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