我国城市墓地使用权研究

发布时间：2018-02-12 08:20

本文关键词： 城市墓地使用权建设用地使用权公益性保护　出处：《辽宁大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：近年来,随着人们“死不起”、“无处葬”的感慨,城市墓地使用权逐渐引起了社会的关注。城市墓地使用权涉及两方主体,公墓建造者与墓主,具有有偿取得性、受限制性和公益性。纵观我国城市墓地使用权的法律现状,存在不少问题,难以发挥保障墓地使用权的效能。当前学术界对城市墓地使用权的研究寥寥无几,现有的研究无法为未来立法提供有力的理论依据,因此,有必要对城市墓地使用权进行系统研究。有关城市墓地使用权法律性质的争议主要集中在墓主墓地使用权的性质上,由于债权性墓地使用权宜导致墓主墓地使用权处于不稳定状态,极易受到公墓建造者或者第三人的侵害,而物权性墓地使用权具有排他性、稳定性和保护的充分性优势,且城市墓地使用权符合建设用地使用权的特征,应将其定性为建设用地使用权。在城市墓地使用权的取得方面,公墓建造者墓地使用权存在取得方式混乱,使用期限模糊,过度市场化导致土地成本增加,偏离了墓地公益性定位等问题,应规定新增的墓地使用权均通过划拨方式取得,已存的墓地使用权中,通过出让取得的部分要给予财政补贴,建立自动续期规则。针对墓主墓地使用权,要明确三个方面:(1)取得主体扩大至死者及其近亲属,不能仅限于公墓认购人;(2)规定墓主墓地使用权的期限,探索墓地循环使用的途径。(3)明确规定墓主超面积、超数量取得墓地使用权和炒买炒卖行为的处罚规则。现存的墓穴使用证证明方式不具有物权的公示效力,墓碑刻录方式虽有公示功能,却因为时间、大小等因素难以提供全面的公示保护,因此可以建立墓主墓地使用权的登记对抗制。墓地作为祖先遗骸的安放之处和重要的祭祀场所,其重要性不言而喻,民法保护体系亦亟待建立。当务之急是将墓地使用权纳入到物权请求权保护项下,同时寻求予以墓主充分民事补偿的保护模式,而不以限制土地所有权为中心。城市墓地使用权并不是永久存在的,公墓建造者的墓地使用权会因公益征收而终止,墓主墓地使用权会因公益征收、期限届满与回购而终止。在终止制度构建上,应对终止后地上物、骨灰等的处理方式作出明确的法律规定。如此方能构建城市墓地使用权民事制度的完整体系。
[Abstract]:In recent years, with the feeling that people can't afford to die and have nowhere to be buried, the right to use urban cemeteries has gradually aroused social concern. The right to use urban cemeteries involves two main bodies, the cemetery builders and the tomb owners, who have paid for obtaining the right to use the cemeteries. Limited and public welfare. Looking at the current legal situation of the right to use urban cemeteries in our country, there are many problems, it is difficult to give full play to the effectiveness of protecting the right to use cemeteries. At present, there are few studies on the right to use urban cemeteries in academia. The existing research can not provide a strong theoretical basis for future legislation. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically study the right to use urban cemeteries. The disputes about the legal nature of the right to use urban cemeteries mainly focus on the nature of the right to use cemeteries. Because the creditor's right to use the graveyard should lead to the unstable state of the use right of the graveyard owner, it is easy to be infringed by the cemetery builder or the third party, while the right to use the real right cemetery has the advantages of exclusiveness, stability and sufficient protection. And the right to use urban cemeteries accords with the characteristics of the right to use construction land, which should be defined as the right to use construction land. In the aspect of obtaining the right to use cemeteries, the way of obtaining the right to use cemeteries is confused, and the term of use is vague. Excessive marketization leads to the increase of land cost and deviates from the public welfare orientation of the graveyard. It should be stipulated that the newly added use right of the graveyard shall be obtained by means of allocation, and the portion of the existing graveyard use right obtained through the transfer should be subsidized. Establish automatic renewal rules. For the right to use the graveyard of the tomb owner, it is necessary to clarify three aspects: 1) the main body of the graveyard shall be extended to the deceased and his near relatives, and shall not be limited to the cemetery-subscriber, Mr. 2)) shall specify the time limit for the use of the graveyard. To explore the ways to recycle the graveyard. (3) clearly prescribing the penalty rules for obtaining the right to use the graveyard in excess of the number of the graveyard owners and for speculation and speculation. The existing ways of proving the use of the graveyard do not have the effect of publicizing the real right. Although tombstone burning has the function of publicity, it is difficult to provide comprehensive publicity protection because of time, size and other factors. It is therefore possible to establish a system of registration and confrontation of the right to use the graveyard. As a place where the remains of ancestors are laid and important places of worship, the importance of cemeteries is self-evident. It is urgent to establish the civil law protection system. The urgent task is to bring the right to use the graveyard under the protection of the right to claim the real right, and to seek the protection mode of giving sufficient civil compensation to the owners of the tomb. The right to use cemeteries is not permanent. The right to use cemeteries will be terminated by expropriation of public interests, and the right to use cemeteries will be expropriated by public welfare. In the construction of termination system, it is necessary to make clear legal provisions on the disposal of ground objects and ashes after termination. Only in this way can a complete system of civil system of the right to use urban cemeteries be constructed.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923.2

【参考文献】