不当出生损害赔偿责任研究

发布时间：2018-03-23 14:57

本文选题：不当出生　切入点：民事责任　出处：《广西师范大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：不当出生的概念最早源自美国,指的是因医生过失未诊断出胎儿潜在的先天缺陷或因疏忽未对胎儿父母履行相应告知义务使其丧失终止妊娠之机会而导致了缺陷儿的出生。不当出生之诉发生在孕妇以及与之进行产前检查的医疗机构之间。不当出生案件显然是一类有过失的医疗纠纷。在孕妇以及与之进行产前检查的医疗机构医疗保健合同期间,如果医护人员故意不告知孕妇其腹中胎儿存在先天缺陷,则属于医护人员个人违法行为,不在我们讨论的范围之内。随着科学技术的发展,具有胎儿保健专业知识的医院通过产前检查,可以在一定范围内预见胎儿的情况。我国公民享有母婴保健的知情选择权,这种权利属于绝对权,经治医生不得随意侵害。否则虽然婴儿系先天缺陷,医疗机构仍需对其未及时告知以及未及时进行医学指导的行为承担责任。文章分为四个部分：第一部分,文章首先对不当出生的概念进行了梳理,同时,为了文章分析的需要还与不当生命、不当怀孕以及医疗事故进行了对比分析论证,这样有利于我们更加清晰地认识不当出生现象。第二部分,文章从必要性和可行性方面分析不当出生案件,进一步强调确立此类案件民事责任重要意义。缺陷儿的不当出生,由于产检医生的疏漏,给新生儿的家庭带来了不必要的负担。对新生儿缺陷或残疾的治疗康复费用、教育费用是一笔不小的开支,然而更为堪忧的是对一个家庭精神上的打击。缺陷儿父母要求有过失的医疗机构一定的赔偿损失,是合理且必要的。不当出生损害赔偿案件,同时引发了伦理道德方面的思考。有观点认为,新生儿的诞生,给一个家庭带来了新的希望与活力,不应该因为新生命存在缺陷而否定其价值。但价值是主体对客体而言的,对于一个家庭来说,如果新生儿存在的缺陷给家庭带来了物质上的损失以及精神上的痛苦,那么这就是事实上带来的损害。确立不当出生损害赔偿的民事责任,是公平正义的需要。第三部分,文章通过分析不当出生年案件的请求权基础,可以得出,此类案件的请求权基础既可以是违约责任,也可以是侵权责任。不当出生案件的请求权基础发生竞合,但通过追究责任人的侵权责任,更有利于当事人维权。孕妇与医院存在有效的产前检查合同,医方违反了注意及告知义务,因为疏忽或其他过失没有把胎儿在发育过程中存在的先天缺陷告知合同相对人,孕妇丧失引产时机导致缺陷儿的出生。我国合同法上一律采用无过错归责原则,因医方违反了合同上的注意及告知义务,在我国法律框架之内,承担违约责任这是无疑的。根据《医疗事故处理条例》第二条的规定,医疗机构及其医务人员在医疗活动中,违反医疗卫生管理法律、行政法规、部门规章和诊疗护理规范、常规,过失造成患者人身损害的事故,称为医疗事故,是医疗侵权行为的一种。依照《民法通则》及《侵权责任法》的规定,在医疗过程中,医疗机构及其医务人员由于故意或过失造成患者人身损害但不构成医疗事故的损害或其他损害的行为,也应属于医疗侵权行为。因此,《侵权责任法》对医疗损害责任实行的是过错责任原则。不当出生之诉属于医疗侵权纠纷的范围,应受到我国现有侵权法规则的调整。因此,在我国的法律框架之下,缺陷儿的父母既享有不当出生违约赔偿请求权也享有侵权损害赔偿权。在请求权基础上发生了竞合。然而,在我国法律框架下,被害人请求侵权损害赔偿更有利于维护自身权益。第四部分,是关于损害赔偿的范围和数额,这同时也是是文章的落脚点。侵权责任的一项重要功能是填补受害人的损害。在本文最后一部分,文章首先对不当出生损害赔偿之诉的责任主体进行了界定分析,确定了责任主体是医疗机构,责任医生和医疗机构存在雇佣关系；同时权利主体是缺陷儿的父母。侵权与违约之诉的差别主要体现在精神损害赔偿上。文章结合我国现国情,具体分析和确定了赔偿范围包括医疗费、特殊照顾费、特殊教育费以及精神损害费。虽然对不当出生案件的赔偿范围有争议,尤其是精神损害赔偿方面。但本文认为,对当事人的赔偿是十分必要且具有现实意义的。对缺陷儿父母的精神损害赔偿不仅不会损害缺陷儿的人格尊严,得到的赔偿更有利于维护父母以及缺陷儿的利益。
[Abstract]:The concept of wrongful birth first from the United States, refers to the cause of birth defects due to medical negligence without a diagnosis of congenital defect fetus potential or negligence not to fulfill the corresponding obligation to inform parents of the fetus to lose their chance of pregnancy termination. Between the wrongful birth action occurs in pregnant women and medical institutions for prenatal examination with the case of wrongful birth. Apparently is a kind of negligent medical disputes. During pregnant and prenatal care and the medical care contract, if the medical staff did not inform the pregnant fetus birth defects, it is illegal medical personnel, not within the scope of our discussion with. With the development of science and technology, fetal health professional knowledge through the hospital antenatal examination, can predict fetal situation in a certain range. Our citizens maternal and child protection The health right of informed choice, this right belongs to absolute right, the treating physician shall not be infringed. Otherwise, although the Department of infant congenital defects, medical institutions still need to assume responsibility for the failure to inform and guide the medical behavior is not timely. The article is divided into four parts: the first part, the article first combed the concept of wrongful birth at the same time, the article also need to analyze and wrongful life, improper pregnancy and medical accident are analyzed compared, that will help us more clearly understand the phenomenon of wrongful birth. In the second part, the article from the necessity and feasibility analysis of wrongful birth case, further emphasized the importance to establish the civil liability in such cases. Wrongful birth defects in children, due to prenatal doctor oversight, bring unnecessary burden to the family. The neonatal birth defects or disability rehabilitation Cost, education cost is not a small expenditure, but more worrying is that of a family of spiritual combat. Defects, faulty medical institutions for parents to ask certain damages, is necessary and reasonable. Wrongful birth damages case, also caused the thinking ethical aspects. View of birth, brings new hope and vitality to a family, should not because of new life defects and deny its value. But the value is subject to the object, for a family, if the newborn defects of the family to bring the material loss and spiritual the pain, so this is in fact caused by damage. Establish civil liability for damages to wrongful birth, is fairness and justice needs. The third part, through the analysis of the right of claim of wrongful birth year cases, it can be, The right of claim in such cases can be a liability for breach of contract, can also be a tort liability. The right of claim of wrongful birth cases concurrence of tort liability, but by the responsible person, more conducive to the parties rights. Pregnant women and hospital antenatal examination of validity of the contract, breach of obligation and medical attention, because of negligence or other no congenital defects in the fault in the development process of the contract relative to inform the fetus, pregnant women lost labor opportunities that lead to birth defects in children. The contract law of our country adopts the principle of no fault liability, breach of contract for medical attention and obligations within China's legal framework, which bear the liability for breach of contract is no doubt. According to the provisions of the regulations on handling medical accidents > second of the medical institutions and medical personnel in medical activities, in violation of medical and health management laws, administrative regulations, Department of Regulations and norms of medical care, routine, negligence causing personal injury accident patients, called the medical accident, is a kind of medical tort. In accordance with the provisions of the general principles of civil law > > and < > the tort liability law, in the process of medical treatment, medical institutions and medical personnel due to intentional or negligent causing injury to human body but do not constitute medical malpractice damages or other damage behavior, should also belong to the medical tort. Therefore, "tort liability law > of medical malpractice liability is the implementation of the principle of fault liability. The scope of the wrongful birth action belongs to the medical tort dispute, should be subject to our existing tort law regulation. Therefore, under the the legal framework of China, parents of children has defects of wrongful birth is also entitled to claim damages for the breach of contract damages in tort. The concurrence of the right of claim basis. However, in China's legal framework, the victim's request The tort damages more conducive to safeguard their own interests. The fourth part is about the scope of damages and the amount, this also is the foothold. An important function of tort liability is to fill the damage to the victim. In the last part of this paper, this paper first gives the definition of the main responsibility for improper analysis of damage compensation litigation the main responsibility is to determine the medical institutions, the existence of the employment relationship responsibility of doctors and medical institutions; at the same time the subject of right is handicapped parents. Tort and breach of the difference is mainly reflected in the spirit of damages. Combining with the present situation, the specific analysis and determine the scope of compensation including medical expenses, special care fee that special education fees and compensation for mental damage. Although the scope of compensation for wrongful birth cases controversial, especially in the aspect of spiritual damages. But we think that the parties of the Compensation is very necessary and realistic. Compensation for mental injury to parents with defective children will not only damage the personal dignity of the defective children, but the compensation is more conducive to safeguarding the interests of parents and defective children.

【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923

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