论安全保障义务在侵权责任中的适用问题

发布时间：2018-04-14 14:11

  本文选题：安全保障义务 + 适用条件　； 参考：《南京航空航天大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：安全保障义务写进《侵权责任法》意义重大,但是,我国安全保障义务制度体系还存在着范围过窄、结构混乱、标准不统一等问题。随着社会生活的发展,新情况、新问题总有发生,新的侵权行为、新的损害后果会不断出现,相应地,我们应当适当调整现有法律的结构,或者用司法解释的形式不断补充完善安全保障义务法律规定,使其更加明确规范,操作性更强,减少各地法院同案不同判的情形,充分保护安全保障义务人和权利人的合法权益,做到法律效果和社会效果的协调统一,让安全保障义务作为一把悬头利剑,规范公共秩序,维护社会安定,稳定人心。我国《侵权责任法》对公共场所的列举有限,司法实务中案例发生的场所更加多样。安全保障义务与附随义务、合同义务等概念有相近之处,但存在着实质性的区别,它是一个独立的法定义务。安全保障义务的内容包括设施、设备、仪器、管线的安全保障,紧急通道、逃生通道、防火设施的配置,为预防、及时发现和控制险情而采取的人员指挥调度措施和疏导监控措施,对于特殊人群要有特殊的防险预案和措施,第三人侵权情况的预警、防范和协助救助措施等几个方面。“控制说”是管理者和组织者应当承担责任的重要理由依据。承担未尽安全保障义务责任衡量因素包括公共场所开放情况、危险来源、救护人员的专业程度、责任人对已发生损害的预防、救助表现、责任人获利情况等。我国当前安全保障义务的适用范围仅局限于特定的不作为侵权案件,我们应当将其适当拓展,为更多的间接侵权案件提供理论基础和法律依据。目前,各地法院对安全保障义务相关案件的裁决虽然标准不尽统一,但是呈现出相似的裁判规则,保障了纠纷解决的公平性。第三人侵权情况下安全保障义务人的补充责任在《侵权责任法》中有明确的规定,实务中义务人在其过错范围内承担相应的安全保障义务,并且可以向直接侵权的第三人追偿。结合相关理论分析,以判决案例为指引,将该类案件的几个要点予以明确,并在立法推进中适当借鉴其他国家的相应规定,构建一套完善的安全保障义务法律机制,是当务之急。
[Abstract]:It is of great significance to write the security obligation into the Tort liability Law. However, there are still some problems in the system of security obligation in our country, such as too narrow scope, chaotic structure and inconsistent standards.With the development of social life, new situations and new problems will always occur, new violations and new injurious consequences will continue to emerge. Accordingly, we should adjust the structure of the existing laws appropriately.Or by using the form of judicial interpretation to constantly supplement and improve the legal provisions on security obligations, to make them more clear and standardized, to make them more operable, and to reduce the situation of different judgments of local courts in the same case.We should fully protect the legitimate rights and interests of the security obligor and the obligee, harmonize the legal effect with the social effect, and let the duty of safety guarantee serve as a sword to regulate public order, maintain social stability and stabilize the people's mind.The tort liability law of our country has limited enumeration of public places, and the places where cases occur in judicial practice are more diverse.The concept of security obligation is similar to collateral obligation and contract obligation, but there are substantial differences between them. It is an independent legal obligation.The contents of the safety and security obligations include the safety and security of facilities, equipment, instruments, pipelines, emergency access, escape channels, fire prevention facilities, for the purpose of prevention,The personnel command and dispatch measures and dredging and monitoring measures taken in time to discover and control the danger situation should have special prevention plans and measures for the special crowd, early warning of the infringement of the third party, prevention and assistance measures, and so on.Control theory is an important reason for managers and organizers to take responsibility.The factors to measure the responsibility of failing to fulfill the duty of safety and security include the opening of public places, the source of danger, the professional degree of ambulance personnel, the prevention of damage caused by the responsible person, the rescue performance, the profit situation of the responsible person, and so on.The scope of application of our country's current security obligation is limited to specific cases of omission infringement. We should expand it properly to provide theoretical basis and legal basis for more indirect infringement cases.At present, courts in various places have different standards in deciding cases related to security obligations, but there are similar rules of adjudication, which ensures the fairness of dispute resolution.The supplementary liability of the security obligor in the case of tort by the third party is clearly stipulated in the Tort liability Law. In practice, the obligor bears the corresponding obligation of safety and security within the limits of his fault, and can recover compensation from the third party who has directly infringed.Combined with the relevant theoretical analysis, with the judgment case as the guide, the key points of this kind of cases are made clear, and the corresponding provisions of other countries are appropriately used for reference in the legislative advancement, and a set of perfect legal mechanism of security obligation is constructed.It is a top priority.
【学位授予单位】：南京航空航天大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D923
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本文编号：1749646