论侵权法上的过失相抵制度

发布时间：2018-04-22 23:15

本文选题：可归责性相抵 + 对称性结构　；参考：《华东政法大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：过失相抵乃是各国共有之制度，该制度起源于罗马法上的旁氏规则，该制度的不断发展也体现了法律精致化的要求。本文对于过失相抵的论述大致分为三部分：第一章是对过失相抵制度的法理考察，在大多数相关论文中对于过失相抵制度都归结为公平正义，此观点的确没错，但是所有法律制度归结到底都是为了实现公平正义，此种宏观角度的法理基础对于过失相抵的具体适用似乎没有太大的意义。笔者试图进一步揭示过失相抵制度的法理基础，并可以以此为原则指导该制度的具体适用。在第一章中笔者罗列了一些对过失相抵制度法理基础的观点，并对这些观点作出了评析，并最终根据过失相抵制度中的对称性结构和自己责任原则提出了可归责性相抵的观点。笔者认为可归责性的观点可以更好地解释过失相抵的结构并扩张过失相抵的适用范围，弥补法律的漏洞。第二章是以过失相抵的对称性结构为核心展开对于过失相抵要件的论述，过失相抵的要件分为受害人过错、对于损害之发生或者扩大具有因果关系、受害人行为具有不当性和受害人具有过失相抵能力四部分。笔者认为受害人方面的要件都必须比照加害人的要件进行讨论，这样才符合平等对待加害人与受害人的基本原则。在本章中，，笔者将理论与各国的司法实践以及我国的相关判例相结合，以期能将过失相抵的构成要件精致化，达到满足司法实践的现实需求，能够回应现实生活的纷繁复杂。第三章讨论被害方承担与有过失的范围，虽然《侵权责任法》第26条对于此部分付之阙如，但是在现实生活中相关案情实属常见，亟待发挥理论的填补漏洞之功能，使法官在遇到相关案件时能够按照统一的标准进行裁判，并能实现法律公平正义之目的。笔者在本章中对受害方过失的情况进行了类型化，通过体系解释和价值衡量对不同类型的受害方过失提出不同的解决路径。第四章主要论述了过失相抵的具体适用，过失相抵作为一种减轻加害人责任的制度，在适用上尤为关键，虽然此付诸于法官的自由裁量，但也需依靠一定的推理方式和法学方法作为指导，本章通过比较了过失相抵制度适用上的三种不同模式，最后笔者认为我国应当适用原因力比较模式的观点。
[Abstract]:Fault offset is a system shared by all countries, which originated from the Ponzi rule in Roman law. The continuous development of this system also reflects the requirement of legal refinement. The thesis is divided into three parts: the first chapter is the legal investigation of the fault offset system. In most related papers, the fault offset system is attributed to fairness and justice, which is true. But all legal systems are to achieve fairness and justice in the end, and the legal basis from such a macro perspective does not seem to have much significance for the specific application of fault offset. The author tries to further reveal the legal basis of the system of fault offset, and can use it as a principle to guide the concrete application of the system. In the first chapter, the author lists some views on the legal basis of fault offset system, and makes an analysis of these views, and finally puts forward the viewpoint of imputability offset according to the symmetry structure of fault offset system and its own principle of liability. The author thinks that the viewpoint of imputability can better explain the structure of fault offset and expand the scope of application of fault offset, and make up the loopholes of law. The second chapter focuses on the symmetry structure of fault offset, which is divided into the fault of the victim and causality for the occurrence or expansion of the damage. There are four parts: the misconduct of the victim and the ability of the victim to compensate for the fault. The author thinks that the elements of the victim must be discussed in accordance with the basic principle of equal treatment between the perpetrator and the victim. In this chapter, the author combines the theory with the judicial practice of various countries and the relevant jurisprudence of our country, in order to make the constitutive elements of fault offset refined, to meet the practical needs of judicial practice, and to respond to the complexity of real life. The third chapter discusses the scope of victimization and negligence. Although Article 26 of the Tort liability Law is not available for this part, the relevant cases are common in real life, so it is urgent to play the role of theory to fill the gap. The judge can judge according to the unified standard and realize the goal of law fairness and justice. In this chapter, the author classifies the fault of the injured party, and puts forward different ways to solve the fault of different types of the injured party through systematic explanation and value measurement. The fourth chapter mainly discusses the specific application of fault offset. As a system to reduce the liability of the offender, fault offset is particularly critical in its application, although it is put into the discretion of the judge. However, we also need to rely on certain reasoning methods and legal methods as the guidance. This chapter compares three different modes of application of fault offset system. Finally, the author thinks that our country should apply the comparative model of causative force.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D923

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