遗产管理制度研究

发布时间：2018-04-24 19:10

  本文选题：遗产管理 + 被继承人　； 参考：《西南政法大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：党的十八大提出了依法治国的指导性方针,明确要充分发挥立法的引领和推动作用,强调应加快我国民法典编纂的步伐。继承法作为民法典的重要组成部分,其内容的完善与否关系着我国民法典的科学制定。因此继承法中遗产管理制度的研究有着重要的理论和实践意义。目前我国《继承法》尚无系统、完善的遗产管理制度,只是在该法第16条1和第24条2以及《最高人民法院关于贯彻执行继承法若干问题的意见》(以下简称《执行继承法意见》)第44条3中原则性地规定了遗产执行、遗产保管和无人承受遗产的部分内容,缺乏对遗产管理的启动、遗产管理人、遗产管理费用和报酬、遗产管理终止等内容的规定,存在法律漏洞。在社会经济快速发展,公民的财富种类和数量逐渐增多,人与人之间的债权债务关系越发复杂,人口死亡率不断上升的社会背景下,因缺乏针对被继承人死亡后遗产的管理和分配的制度,当事人争夺遗产控制权以及遗产债权人诉求利益保护等继承纠纷时有发生,面对我国的社会现实和国情,设置遗产管理制度的必要性已日益突显。因此提出设立遗产管理制度的建议,以期为遗产继承当事人提供可选择的救济路径,同时能对完善我国《继承法》有所裨益。本文除导论外,共分七章,约20万字。第一章遗产管理制度之基本理论考察。本章共分二节,第一节遗产管理制度的界定,首先,考察当前学界有关“遗产管理制度”抑或“遗产管理人制度”的学术纷争,从语义学与法学的角度以及对遗产管理制度的概念作出界定。然后,在比较分析当前我国学界有关遗产管理制度概念不同观点的基础上,证成遗产管理制度的应有含义。它是指在继承开始后遗产分割前,由遗嘱指定、或继承人担任或推选、或法院指定的管理人担任保护和管理待继承遗产的职责,通过其对遗产实施有效的管理使遗产在未被接受或抛弃前免受损毁,保障遗产公平、有序分配的制度。同时提出遗产管理制度具有存续于特定的时间段、有特定的启动程序、主体是遗产管理人、管理任务通过各项措施辅助完成、遗产管理具有特定的目的性五项特征。其次,为了更准确的确定遗产管理制度的含义,对遗产管理过程中可能会涉及到的遗产保管、遗嘱执行、遗产信托的概念与遗产管理概念进行比较和区分。最后,按照继承种类的不同,明确遗产管理制度适用的范围,即遗嘱继承和法定继承。第二节对遗产管理制度的主要内容予以探讨,指出完整的遗产管理制度应该主要包含遗产管理的启动、遗产管理人、遗产管理的费用和报酬、遗产管理的终止四项内容。第二章遗产管理制度之历史演进。本章共分三节,第一节主要介绍古代社会的遗产管理制度。首先,对古罗马法时期的遗产管理制度进行考察,指出其从“概括继承”发展到“限定继承”的过程中,已出现继承人、奴隶、遗嘱执行人、遗产信托的受托人、国家等主体对遗产进行管理的情况。其次,分析日耳曼法时期遗产管理制度的演进,指出在限定继承规则下已出现继承人、遗嘱执行人、子女的父亲、国家权力部门等主体对遗产进行管理的情况。再次,分析中国古代社会的遗产管理制度,阐述该制度在我国的演变与发展,指出我国古代社会已经有男性家长、寡妇、官府等主体对遗产进行管理的情况。第二节主要对近现代社会遗产管理制度的历史演进予以介绍,包括近现代大陆法系国家的遗产管理制度、英美法系国家（地区）的遗产管理制度以及我国的遗产管理制度。第三节分析遗产管理制度历史演进呈现的特征,指出古代社会遗产管理制度的演进呈现出以下四点特征,即私有制和商品经济的发展促进遗产管理的产生、遗产管理主体呈现身份继承的特性、君主特权干预遗产管理、男女不平等现象突显于遗产管理中。近现代社会的遗产管理制度的演进表现出的特征则是取消以身份确定遗产管理人、平衡遗产权利人之间的利益、确保自由与限制的统一、加强国家对遗产管理的干预。第三章构建我国遗产管理制度之正当基础。本章共分两节,第一节主要对构建我国遗产管理制度的理论基础进行分析。首先,指出遗产管理制度具有公平、自由、效率、秩序的价值取向,然后分析遗产管理制度的功能,具体包括保全遗产、确保遗产公平和有序分配、保护遗产权利人利益、保障交易安全等。第二节主要对构建遗产管理制度的社会基础进行探讨。指出我国具有设立遗产管理制度的正当社会基础,一方面是公民财富积累逐年增多、人口老龄化加剧、遗产继承纠纷频发的社会现实亟需遗产管理制度的确立,另一方面是民众在处理遗产管理问题上的传统习惯反映我国具备设立遗产管理制度的本土背景。第四章遗产管理制度之域外立法考察与评析。本章共分三节,第一节是对大陆法系之法国、德国、日本、意大利四个国家的遗产管理制度进行考察。首先介绍前述各国遗产管理制度的立法体例,然后对遗产管理制度的主要内容进行考察,主要包括遗产管理的启动、遗产管理人、遗产管理的费用和报酬、遗产管理的终止四个方面,其中遗产管理人的内容又包含遗产管理人的产生、遗产管理人的资格、遗产管理人的职责、遗产管理人的法律责任。第二节是对英美法系之英国、美国、澳大利亚三个国家的遗产管理制度进行考察,其考察的内容体例与大陆法系国家一致。第三节是对外国遗产管理制度进行比较评析,首先对两大法系国家遗产管理制度的立法体例及其主要内容进行比较评析,最后总结指出大陆法系和英美法系国家设立遗产管理制度的共同目的,都是为了保全遗产,保障继承人和其他遗产权利人的合法利益,保障遗产的分配有序进行。但是具体到我国对遗产管理制度的借鉴时,我们应该意识到任何具体法律制度的选择与设立都必须与该国自身的法律体系相适应,万不可生硬地照搬照抄,应该考虑到我国具体的社会现实和现有法律制度的国情。第五章我国遗产管理制度之立法现状考察。本章共分两节,第一节考察了我国遗产管理制度的立法现状,指出目前我国遗产管理制度的内容仅仅体现在遗嘱执行和遗产保管以及无人承受遗产管理的规定中。第二节在考察我国遗产管理制度立法现状的基础上,指出我国现行遗产管理制度立法存在的局限性,即立法理念滞后、立法体例不科学、遗产管理制度的体系和内容不健全,缺乏对遗产管理制度内容的系统规定,而且现有的遗嘱执行、遗产保管以及无人承受遗产管理的规定不完善。第六章遗产管理制度之学者建议稿考察与评析。本章共分两节,第一节是遗产管理制度之学者建议稿考察,为深入地研究遗产管理制度,构建适合我国国情的遗产管理制度,本节主要选取当前我国学者提出的继承法建议稿中有关遗产管理制度的建议进行系统的考察,这六份建议稿主要包括梁慧星等学者建议稿、徐国栋等学者建议稿、王利明等学者建议稿、张玉敏等学者建议稿、陈苇等学者建议稿、杨立新等学者建议稿。第二节主要对这六份学者建议稿进行评析,分别从遗产管理的启动、遗产管理人、遗产管理的费用和报酬、遗产管理的终止四个方面对六份学者建议稿进行系统的比较评析。第七章为完善我国遗产管理制度之建议。本章共分三节,第一节的内容是我国遗产管理制度之立法理念的建议。提出我国遗产管理制度贯彻的立法理念,应该是平等保护继承关系中所有遗产权利主体的合法权利,有效保障遗产继承秩序和社会经济秩序的稳定。第二节的内容是我国遗产管理制度之立法体例的建议。提出我国遗产管理制度的立法体例应该是在民法典制定的前提下,保留现有的继承法分为五章的形式,将遗产管理制度的内容规定在继承法的“遗产处理”一章中,并在此章将其独立成节,对其内容进行全面、系统的规定。第三节的内容是确立完善、系统的遗产管理制度之具体内容的建议。提出完整的遗产管理制度应该包括遗产管理的启动、遗产管理人、遗产管理的费用和报酬、遗产管理的终止。其中遗产管理人的内容应从遗产管理人的产生、遗产管理人的资格、遗产管理人的职责、遗产管理人的法律责任四方面予以完善。
[Abstract]:The eighteen Party of the party has put forward the guiding principle of governing the country by law, clearly should give full play to the guiding and promoting role of the legislation, and emphasize the pace of the compilation of the civil code. The inheritance law is an important part of the civil code. The perfection of its content is related to the scientific formulation of the national code. Therefore, the heritage management system in the inheritance law The research has important theoretical and practical significance. At present, the inheritance law of China has no systematic and perfect heritage management system, but it is only in principle that the sixteenth articles, 1 and twenty-fourth of the law, and the opinions of the Supreme People's Court on carrying out several issues of the implementation of the inheritance Law (hereinafter referred to as the implementation of the inheritance law) in the forty-fourth article forty-fourth 3. There is a lack of legal loopholes in the provisions of the management of heritage, the management of heritage, the cost and remuneration of heritage management, the termination of the management of heritage and so on. In the rapid development of the society and economy, the number of people's wealth and number is increasing, and the relationship between the creditor's right and debt is increasing. In the social background of complex and increasing population mortality, the lack of a system for the management and distribution of the heritage after the death of the heirs, the parties contend for the inheritance of inheritance disputes and the interest protection of the legacy creditors. Facing the social reality and national conditions of our country, the necessity of setting up the heritage management system has been necessary. Therefore, the proposal for the establishment of a heritage management system is proposed in order to provide a choice for the inheritance of the litigants and to improve the inheritance law of our country. In addition to the introduction, this article is divided into seven chapters, about 20 thousand words. Chapter 1 the basic theory of the management system of heritage. This chapter is divided into two sections, the first section of the management of heritage management. The definition of the system, first of all, examines the academic disputes of the current academic circles on "heritage management system" or "heritage manager system", and defines the concept of heritage management system from the perspective of semantics and jurisprudence, and then, on the basis of a comparative analysis of the different views on the concept of heritage management system in the current Chinese academia, It refers to the meaning of the legacy management system. It refers to the duties of a will, or the successor, or the appointed administrator of the court, to protect and manage the legacy of inheritance before the inheritance is divided, and to protect and protect the heritage through its effective management of the heritage to protect the heritage from damage before being accepted or abandoned. The system of fair and orderly distribution. At the same time, it is proposed that the system of heritage management has a specific time period, a specific starting procedure, the main body is the heritage manager, the management task is completed by various measures, and the management of heritage has five characteristics of specific purpose. Secondly, in order to more accurately determine the meaning of the heritage management system, In the process of heritage management, the preservation of heritage, the execution of the will, the concept of the Heritage Trust and the concept of heritage management are compared and differentiated. Finally, according to the different types of inheritance, the scope of the application of the management system of the heritage is clearly defined, namely, the succession of the will and the legal inheritance. The second section discusses the main contents of the management system of the heritage, and refers to the main contents of the system of the management of the heritage. The complete heritage management system should mainly include the start of the heritage management, the estate manager, the cost and reward of the heritage management, the four contents of the termination of the heritage management. The second chapter is the historical evolution of the heritage management system. This chapter is divided into three sections. The first section mainly introduces the legacy management system in ancient society. First, the period of the ancient Rome law. The system of heritage management is inspected, and it is pointed out that in the process of the development of "general inheritance" to "limited inheritance", there has been a situation of inheritor, slave, executor, trustee of Heritage Trust, state and other subjects to manage the heritage. Secondly, it analyses the evolution of the legacy management system in the period of the Germanic law, and points out that the inheritance rules are limited. Then there have been the situation of the inheritance, the executor, the father of the children, the state power department and other subjects. Again, the heritage management system of the ancient Chinese society is analyzed, and the evolution and development of the system in our country are expounded. It is pointed out that the ancient society in our country has been managed by the main body of male parents, widows and government officials in our country. The second section mainly introduces the historical evolution of the modern social heritage management system, including the legacy management system in the modern civil law countries, the legacy management system of the Anglo American law countries (regions) and the heritage management system in our country. The third section analyses the characteristics of the historical evolution of the management system of the relic production, and points out the ancient times. The evolution of the generation of social heritage management system presents the following four features: the development of private ownership and the development of commodity economy promoting the generation of heritage management, the characteristics of the inheritance of the heritage management subject, the privilege of the monarchy intervening the heritage management, the phenomenon of the inequality between men and women in the heritage management. The evolution of the heritage management system in modern society The characteristics are to eliminate the identity of the heritage manager, to balance the interests of the heritage rights, to ensure the unity of freedom and restriction, to strengthen the state's intervention in the management of heritage. The third chapter constructs the legitimate basis of our heritage management system. This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section is mainly about the theoretical basis for the construction of our country's heritage management system. First, it points out that the legacy management system has the value orientation of fairness, freedom, efficiency and order, and then analyzes the functions of the heritage management system, including the preservation of the heritage, the fair and orderly distribution of the heritage, the protection of the interests of the heritage rights, the security of the transaction, and so on. The second section is mainly about the social basis for the construction of the heritage management system. On the basis of the foundation, it is pointed out that China has the proper social foundation for the establishment of the heritage management system. On the one hand, the accumulation of the wealth of citizens is increasing year by year, the aging of the population is increasing, the social reality of the succession of inheritance disputes is in urgent need of the establishment of the heritage management system. On the other hand, the traditional habits of the people in the management of the management of the heritage are reflected in our country. The fourth chapters are divided into three sections. The first section is the inspection of the heritage management system in four countries, France, Germany, Japan and Italy, the continental law system. First, it introduces the legislative style of the heritage management system of various countries, and then to the heritage. The main contents of the management system are reviewed, including the starting of the management of heritage, the management of heritage, the cost and reward of the heritage management, and the termination of the heritage management in four aspects. The content of the heritage manager includes the generation of the estate manager, the qualification of the heritage Manager, the duties of the heritage manager, and the legal responsibility of the estate manager. The second section is the inspection of the heritage management system of Britain, the United States and Australia in the Anglo American legal system, the contents of which are in accordance with the countries of the continental law system. The third section is the comparison and analysis of the foreign heritage management system. First, the legislative style and its main contents of the heritage management system in the two legal system countries are carried out. In the final analysis, it is concluded that the common purpose of the establishment of the heritage management system in the continental law system and the common law countries is to protect the heritage, protect the legitimate interests of the successors and other heritages and ensure the orderly distribution of the heritage. However, we should be aware of the reference of our country to the management system of the remains. The choice and establishment of the specific legal system must be adapted to the legal system of the country itself. It should not be copied and copied, and we should take into account the specific social reality of our country and the national conditions of the existing legal system. The fifth chapter of the legislative status of our country's heritage management system. This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section inspects our heritage management. The present situation of the legislation of the system points out that the content of our country's heritage management system is only reflected in the stipulations of the executor and the legacy and the management of the heritage. The second section, on the basis of investigating the current legislation of our country's heritage management system, points out the limitations of the current legislation of our country's legacy management system, that is, the legislative idea. The system and content of the heritage management system are not scientific, the system and content of the heritage management system are not perfect, the system and the content of the heritage management system are not systematic, and the existing will, the preservation of the legacy and the regulations on the management of the heritage are not perfect. The sixth chapters of the heritage management system are divided into two sections, first In order to study the system of heritage management and build a heritage management system suitable for the national conditions of our country, this section mainly selects the suggestions on the inheritance management system in the draft of the inheritance law proposed by the scholars of our country. These six suggestions mainly include Liang Huixing and other studies. The draft proposal, Xu Guodong and other scholars suggested draft, Wang Liming and other scholars suggested manuscripts, Zhang Yumin and other scholars suggested manuscripts, Chen reed and other scholars suggested manuscripts, Yang Lixin and other scholars suggested draft. The second section mainly comments on the six scholars' recommendations, respectively from the start of the Heritage Management, the management of heritage, the cost and reward of heritage management, and the management of heritage. There are four aspects of the systematic comparison and analysis of the six scholars' recommendations. The seventh chapter is a proposal to improve our country's heritage management system. This chapter is divided into three sections. The first section is the proposal of the legislative idea of our country's heritage management system. The concept of the implementation of the heritage management system in our country should be the inheritance of equal protection in the inheritance relationship. The legal rights of the subject of all the rights of the heritage effectively guarantee the order of inheritance and the stability of the social and economic order. The content of the second section is the proposal of the legislative style of our country's heritage management system. The legislative style of our country's heritage management system should be to keep the existing inheritance law into five chapters under the premise of the civil code. The content of the inheritance management system is stipulated in the chapter of inheritance law "heritage treatment", and it is independent of the chapter in this chapter. The content is comprehensive and systematic. The content of the third section is to establish and perfect the concrete content of the system of the system of heritage management. The complete management system of heritage should include the management of heritage. Starting, the estate manager, the cost and remuneration of the heritage management, and the termination of the management of the heritage. The content of the estate manager should be perfected from the generation of the estate manager, the qualification of the estate manager, the duties of the heritage manager, and the legal responsibility of the estate manager.

【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923.5
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本文编号：1797862