论公平分担损失规则在我国侵权损害赔偿中的适用

发布时间：2018-04-24 21:38

本文选题：侵权损害赔偿 + 公平分担损失规则　；参考：《甘肃政法学院》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：本文是对在我国侵权损害赔偿领域中关于公平分担损失规则的适用的研究。从一定意义上来说,人类社会成长发展的历史,就是人类不停追求社会公平和公正的发展历史,公平的实现水平也成为看一个国家是否实现文明的主要衡量标准。公平观念最早出现在古希腊的城邦制度。公平在我国是传统精神和文化内涵的一个重要的方面。公平的概念不仅是一个表征道德和道德要求的概念,同时也表达在法律的要求。它代表着法律终极理性追求和价值追求。公平是一个相对广泛和变化的概念,不一样的社会历史和社会现实,赋予了公平不一样的内在含义,它对社会生活各方面的要求也就不一样。公平表现在法律上,是对社会一般正义观念的反映,注重法律关系各个主体之间在权利的享有、义务的负担上的合理平衡。公平分担损失规则,作为本文的研究对象规定于我国《侵权责任法》第二十四条,是指在当事人对于实际损害的发生都不具有侵权法上过错的情形下,可以由法院基于实际情况,由当事人各方共同参与分担损失的一项法律制度。公平分担损失制度是一项值得重视的法律制度。但由于法律规定空间较大,该分担制度规定欠缺具体,具有一定不确定性,进而在适用中存在适用标准和范围不明确的问题,存在一定混乱现象。因此,如何正确适用这项重要的法律制度,是本文的重点研究内容。本文从公平分担损失的法律依据、相关理论出发,从理论分析和实证研究为切入,通过理论基础、争议梳理、司法现状分析、适用规则研究四个模块,指出其本质属性为法定之债,是关于损失分担的具体制度,这一制度的体系结构包括一般规定和具体适用上的规定情形。并在此基础提出了这一制度在实际侵权损害司法中适用的具体的步骤和方法,合理安排了各种考量因素的适用顺位和考量内容,以便更好的为司法实践服务。本文建议应当尽快出台司法解释对公平分担损失规则及其适用情形明确化、具体化、类型化;限制法官自由裁量权以防滥用。此外,还应当明确要求该规则只适用于直接损失、不适用于医疗行为案件、不适用精神损害、分担比例一定要在充分考虑了各项考量因素后合理分配、要求法官判决时详细论述判决理由。
[Abstract]:This paper is a study on the application of fair allocation of loss rules in the field of tort compensation in China. In a certain sense, the history of human society's growth and development is the development history in which human beings constantly pursue social fairness and justice, and the level of realization of fairness has become the main criterion to judge whether a country realizes civilization or not. The concept of fairness first appeared in the ancient Greek city-state system. Fairness is an important aspect of traditional spirit and cultural connotation in our country. The concept of fairness is not only a representation of moral and moral requirements, but also expressed in the requirements of law. It represents the ultimate rational pursuit of law and the pursuit of value. Fairness is a relatively broad and changing concept. The different social history and social reality endow with the different inner meaning of fairness, and its requirements on all aspects of social life are also different. Fairness is a reflection of the general concept of social justice in the law, and pays attention to the reasonable balance between the subjects of legal relations in the enjoyment of rights and the burden of obligations. The rule of fair allocation of loss, as the object of this paper, is stipulated in Article 24 of our country's Tort liability Law, which means that the parties have no fault in tort law for the occurrence of actual damage. A legal system in which the parties may participate in the allocation of loss on the basis of the actual circumstances. The system of fair allocation of loss is a legal system worthy of attention. However, due to the large space of the legal provisions, the provisions of the sharing system are lack of concrete, with certain uncertainties, and then in the application of the standard and scope of the problem is not clear, there is a certain amount of confusion. Therefore, how to apply this important legal system correctly is the key research content of this article. This paper starts from the legal basis of fair sharing of losses, relevant theories, from theoretical analysis and empirical research, through the theoretical basis, dispute combing, judicial status analysis, applicable rules research four modules, It is pointed out that its essential attribute is a legal debt, which is a specific system of loss allocation. The system structure of this system includes general provisions and specific applicable provisions. On this basis, the author puts forward the concrete steps and methods of applying this system in the actual tort and damage justice, and reasonably arranges the applicable order and content of various considerations in order to better serve the judicial practice. This article suggests that the judicial explanation should be issued as soon as possible to clarify, concretize and type the rules of fair allocation of loss and their application, and to limit the discretion of judges to prevent abuse. In addition, it should be made clear that the rule should apply only to direct losses, not to cases of medical conduct or to moral damage, and that the allocation of shares must be reasonably distributed, taking full account of considerations, The judge was asked to elaborate on the reasons for the decision.
【学位授予单位】：甘肃政法学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D923

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