惩罚性违约金研究

发布时间：2018-04-25 08:03

本文选题：惩罚性违约金 + 违约金调整　；参考：《吉林大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着经济不断发展，合同内容多样化的要求，违约金的功能及作用日渐受到重视。我国目前的违约金制度中将违约金按照功能划分为赔偿性违约金和惩罚性违约金，我国现行法律赔偿性违约金体系较为完善，并有普遍的适用，而惩罚性违约金体系依然处于半空白状，法律上并未对惩罚性违约金和赔偿性违约金进行明确的区分定义和区分规制，这无疑是对违约金一项重要功能的桎梏与浪费。违约金作为违约行为发生后几大重要的救济方式之一，只有充分肯定违约金原有的惩罚性属性，惩罚性违约金以“固有意义上的违约金”的身份在合同法的轨道上运行，才能使其更好的发挥督促和担保合同履行的意义。而这样的“身份”在理论上满足诚实信用这一帝王条款的要求，也是合同严守规则的应有之意，无论是合同中的任意一方，在订约时都必须秉承契约精神，善良地谨慎地严谨地订立契约中的每一个条款，并在合同履行的过程中严格执行，具有惩罚性质的违约金对于威慑当事人双方严格按照合同条款履行义务，对肆意撕毁契约的行为加以严厉的惩罚，以起到维护契约精神的重要作用。为了维护守约方也就是债权人的合理利益，不仅要确立以惩罚性为功能的违约金的重要地位，也要将惩罚性违约金从损害赔偿违约金的体系当中脱身出来，尤其是脱身于用以规制赔偿性违约金的《合同法》第114条第二款关于根据损害进行酌减的规则当中，尊重合同当事人双方在缔约时所表达的自由意志，尊重基于真实意思表示下的契约精神。对于合同双方当事人对于惩罚性违约金数额的约定，，原则上尊重合同当事人，对于违约金数额是否过高，是否需要酌减，法官基于的不能是赔偿性违约金所依据的实际损害额，而更多的是违约方也就是债务人在违约行为中的过错程度，惩罚性违约金所惩罚的是不遵守契约精神，肆意违反契约的不当行为，是一种私的制裁，那么对于没有过错的违约行为，或过错程度较低的违约行为，若再过多的惩罚，就违背了违约金维护契约精神的本意，故违约金的数额酌减规则，应当根据违约方的过错程度，并参考实际情况加以综合，适当减少，学界提出的标的总额的百分之二十规则可以作为制定规则的一种幅度参考，在确保独立的惩罚性违约金请求权不受损害赔偿请求权的干扰的前提下，以标的总额百分之二十的数额对违约行为进行惩罚，加重违约成本，督促当事人积极履约。惩罚性违约金以惩罚性为主要功能，即无免除的损害赔偿的预定功能，通过这样的设计，使惩罚性违约金建立出独立的架构体系，又可与赔偿性违约金相辅相成，为违约金制度的发生提供完善的框架体系，在民法以补偿为原则的大前提下，以私的方式，有限度的规制和惩罚了违约行为，以实现合同自由的同时，维护了公平与平等。
[Abstract]:With the development of economy and the diversification of contract contents, the function and function of liquidated damages are paid more and more attention. In the present system of penalty for breach of contract in our country, the penalty for breach of contract is divided into compensatory damages and punitive damages according to their functions. However, the punitive penalty system is still in a semi-blank state, and the law does not clearly define and regulate the punitive liquidated damages and the compensatory liquidated damages, which is undoubtedly the shackle and waste of an important function of the liquidated damages. As one of the most important relief methods after the breach of contract, only the punitive property of the liquidated damages is fully affirmed, and the punitive damages run on the track of the contract law as "penalty in the inherent sense". In order to make it better play supervision and guarantee the significance of contract performance. Such "identity" theoretically meets the requirements of the monarch clause of good faith and credit, and it is also the proper meaning of the contract to strictly abide by the rules. Whether it is any party to the contract, it must uphold the spirit of the contract when it is contracted. Kindly, carefully and rigorously enter into every clause of the contract and strictly enforce it in the course of the performance of the contract. The penalty penalty will deter the parties from performing their obligations strictly in accordance with the terms of the contract, In order to maintain the spirit of the contract, severe punishment should be imposed on the wanton tearing of the contract. In order to safeguard the legitimate interests of compliance parties, that is, creditors, we should not only establish the important status of liquidated damages with punitive functions, but also extricate punitive liquidated damages from the system of damages for breach of contract. In particular, getting out of the rules of Article 114, paragraph 2, of the contract Law, which regulates compensatory damages, respects the free will expressed by the parties to the contract at the time of the conclusion of the contract. Respect the spirit of contract based on the expression of true meaning. With regard to the agreement made by the parties to the contract on the amount of punitive liquidated damages, the parties to the contract are respected in principle, and whether the amount of the liquidated damages is excessive or not is subject to reduction, and the judge cannot base on the actual amount of damage on the basis of the compensatory liquidated damages, What is more is the degree of fault of the defaulting party, that is, the debtor in the breach of contract. The punitive penalty for breach of contract is to punish the improper act of disobeying the spirit of the contract and wantonly violating the contract, which is a kind of personal sanction. Then, for a breach of contract without fault or a breach of contract with a lower degree of fault, if the penalty is excessive, it will violate the original intention of maintaining the spirit of the contract by the liquidated damages. Therefore, the amount of liquidated damages shall be reduced according to the degree of fault of the breaching party. And with reference to the actual situation to be synthesized and appropriately reduced, the 20% rule on the total amount of the subject matter put forward by the academic community can be used as a range reference for the formulation of the rules. On the premise of ensuring that the independent punitive damages claim right is not interfered with by the right of claim for damages, the amount of the total amount of the target is 20% to punish the breach of contract, increase the cost of breach of contract, and urge the parties to perform actively. Punitive penalty is the main function of punitive damages, that is, the predefined function of non-exempted damages. Through such design, punitive liquidated damages can establish an independent framework system, and can complement the compensatory liquidated damages. In order to provide a perfect framework system for the occurrence of liquidated damages system, under the premise of the principle of compensation in civil law, the breach of contract is regulated and punished in a private way, so as to realize the freedom of contract and maintain fairness and equality.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923.6

【共引文献】